Table 3.
Group Differences by Breastfeeding Initiation and Smoking Status
| Initiated breastfeeding |
Did not initiate breastfeeding |
t | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | ||
| Head circumference (cm) | 34.21 | 1.97 | 33.61 | 1.68 | t(224) = −2.44* |
| Birthweight (kg) | 3.27 | 0.62 | 3.20 | 0.53 | t(245) = −0.92 |
| Birth length (cm) | 50.16 | 2.84 | 50.04 | 2.72 | t(239) = −0.35 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.02 | 1.66 | 38.76 | 1.99 | t(245) = −1.11 |
| Obstetrical complications | 29.76 | 6.39 | 28.10 | 7.96 | t(241) = −1.81 |
| Maternal education | 12.77 | 1.84 | 11.79 | 1.81 | t(245) = −4.20*** |
| Maternal age | 23.84 | 4.53 | 24.36 | 5.49 | t(245) = 0.82 |
| Nonsmoking (breastfed N = 48) | Persistent smoking (breastfed N = 83) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticipated duration of breastfeeding (months) |
7.94 |
13.74 |
5.72 |
4.19 |
t(145) = 1.47 |
| Duration of breastfeeding (days) |
74.93 |
133.60 |
41.37 |
89.36 |
t(245) = 2.29* |
| Average no. of cigarettes per day during pregnancy | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.98 | 4.65 | t(245) = −8.87*** |
*
p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.
SD, standard deviation.