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. 2016 Sep 7;13(1):3. doi: 10.1007/s41116-016-0002-5

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 60 — Interplanetary magnetic lines of force showing field-line meandering due to solar supergranulation, as discussed in the text. The coordinate system chosen has Z pointing normal to the heliographic equatorial plane. $T_{c}$ is the time scale associated with supergranulation that was chosen for each case. The right columns show the case of no transverse fluctuations at the source surface, and the result is the usual Parker spiral. Image reproduced with permission from Giacalone (2001), copyright by AGU