Table 2.

Known sources and mechanisms of $\sim$2–100 keV/nucleon suprathermal ions near 1 AU

Acceleration location	Continuous acceleration in IP space		Discrete high-energy particle events
	Mechanism/source	References	Mechanism/source	References
Local	Bulk velocity fluctuations	Fahr and Siewert (2012) and Fahr et al. (2012)	CIR shocks and compressions	Fisk and Lee (1980), Giacalone et al. (2002) and Richardson (2004)
	Compressional turbulence	Fisk and Gloeckler (2006, (2008, (2012, (2014)	CME shocks (ESP events)	Jones and Ellison (1991), Lee (2005), Zank et al. (2006) and Li et al. (2009)
	Waves and turbulence in the IMF	Schwadron et al. (1996), Zhang (2010) and Zhang and Lee (2013)
	Reconnection between magnetic islands	Drake et al. (2012) and Zank et al. (2014)
			SEPs from flares	Mason et al. (2002)
Remote	N/A		SEPs from CME shocks near Sun	Reames (1999)
			CIR shocks $>2$ AU	Fisk and Lee (1980)
			Upstream ion events	Lee (1982) and Desai et al. (2008)