Table 1.
Characteristics of the analytic cohort of MESA participants by MCF quartiles at Exam 1
| Quartile 4 (n=1250) |
Quartile 3 (n=1250) |
Quartile 2 (n=1250) |
Quartile 1 (n=1250) |
P-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levels of MCF | MCF >0.74 | 0.64<MCF≤0.74 | 0.55<MCF≤0.64 | MCF ≤0.55 | |
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
| Mean (SD) age, years | 59.8 ± 9.9 | 61.2 ± 9.9 | 61.6 ± 10.4 | 63.5 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Female sex, (%) | 963 (77.0) | 774 (61.9) | 548 (43.8) | 335 (26.8) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||
| White, (%) | 547 (43.8) | 500 (40.0) | 480 (38.4) | 428 (34.2) | |
| Asian, (%) | 235 (18.8) | 176 (14.1) | 160 (12.8) | 82 (6.6) | |
| African-American, (%) | 198 (15.8) | 291 (23.3) | 345 (27.6) | 450 (36.0) | |
| Hispanic, (%) | 270 (21.6) | 283 (22.6) | 265 (21.2) | 290 (23.2) | |
| Education < HS, (%) | 198 (15.8) | 206 (16.5) | 186 (14.9) | 211 (16.9) | 0.716 |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||
| Mean (SD) Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 5.1 | 27.7 ± 5.1 | 27.9 ± 4.7 | 28.6 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, (%) | 82 (6.6) | 114 (9.1) | 126 (10.1) | 194 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 90.4 ± 18.9 | 94.1 ± 25.6 | 97.0 ± 28.8 | 103.8 ± 38.7 | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 197.8 ± 35.4 | 194.7 ± 35.3 | 193.2 ± 34.1 | 191.5 ± 36.4 | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) LDL, mg/dL | 117.5 ± 31.2 | 116.7 ± 31.5 | 117.2 ± 30.5 | 117.4 ± 32.1 | 0.986 |
| Mean (SD) HDL, mg/dL | 56.1 ± 16.0 | 51.7 ± 14.9 | 50.0 ± 14.3 | 47.1 ± 13.1 | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, (%) | 105 (8.4) | 109 (8.7) | 105 (8.4) | 134 (10.7) | 0.071 |
| Albuminuria (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio ≥17 mg/g for men and ≥25 mg/g for women), (%) | 68 (5.5) | 124 (9.9) | 163 (13.0) | 256 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| Median (25- 75th percentile) C-reactive protein, mg/L | 1.54 (0.69-4.10) | 1.92 (0.82-4.43) | 1.71 (0.76-3.59) | 1.95 (0.87-4.07) | 0.001 |
| Mean (SD) clinic SBP, mmHg | 119.4 ± 20.1 | 124.7 ± 21.2 | 126.2 ± 20.1 | 131.4 ± 22.0 | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) clinic DBP, mmHg | 68.0 ± 9.4 | 70.7 ± 9.9 | 72.7 ± 9.7 | 75.9 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) heart rate, bpm | 62.0 ± 9.0 | 62.4 ± 9.0 | 62.3 ± 8.9 | 64.7 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication use, (%) | 325 (26.0) | 453 (36.2) | 449 (35.9) | 538 (43.0) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering medications, (%) | 175 (14.0) | 188 (15.0) | 220 (17.6) | 211 (16.9) | 0.015 |
| Prevalent hypertension status, (%) | 390 (31.2) | 530 (42.4) | 518 (41.4) | 680 (54.4) | <0.001 |
| Health Behaviors | |||||
| Alcohol consumption, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 327 (26.2) | 285 (22.8) | 230 (18.4) | 183 (14.6) | |
| Former | 229 (18.3) | 276 (22.1) | 291 (23.3) | 366 (29.3) | |
| Current | 684 (55.5) | 689 (55.1) | 729 (58.3) | 701 (56.1) | |
| Cigarette smoking, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 767 (61.4) | 680 (54.3) | 620 (49.6) | 506 (40.5) | |
| Former | 399 (31.9) | 435 (34.8) | 439 (35.1) | 514 (41.1) | |
| Current | 84 (6.7) | 135 (10.8) | 191 (15.3) | 226 (18.1) | |
| Mean (SD) Moderate + Vigorous physical activity, MET-min/week, (%) | 0.005 | ||||
| Quartile1 [0-2040 MET-min/week] | 313 (25.0) | 328 (26.2) | 296 (23.7) | 316 (25.3) | |
| Quartile 2 [2040-4095 MET-min/week] | 331 (26.5) | 345 (27.6) | 277 (22.2) | 292 (23.4) | |
| Quartile 3 [4095-7545 MET-min/week] | 320 (25.6) | 313 (25.0) | 319 (25.5) | 300 (24.0) | |
| Quartile 4 [>7545 MET-min/week] | 286 (22.9) | 264 (21.1) | 358 (28.6) | 342 (27.4) | |
| Cardiac MRI measures | |||||
| Left ventricular mass, g | 117.3 ± 25.0 | 136.3 ± 30.3 | 152.3 ± 33.7 | 175.1 ± 41.9 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular mass index, g/m2 | 66.2 ± 10.1 | 74.4 ± 11.9 | 80.9 ± 13.6 | 90.2 ± 18.1 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular myocardial volume, mL | 111.7 ± 23.8 | 129.8 ± 28.9 | 145.0 ± 32.1 | 166.8 ± 39.9 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular stroke volume, mL | 92.6 ± 18.8 | 89.1 ± 19.5 | 86.6 ± 18.9 | 77.4 ± 18.8 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 73.2 ± 5.3 | 70.9 ± 5.8 | 68.4 ± 6.1 | 63.6 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
Numbers in the table are percentages or mean ± standard deviation. To convert glucose to mmol/L, multiply values by 0.0556; to convert cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply values by 0.0259.
HS: high school, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, BPM: beats per minute, LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, MCF: myocardial contraction fraction, MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, MET: metabolic equivalent, Min: minutes, mmHg: millimeters of mercury, SD: standard deviation