Table 1.
Bioactive polysaccharides in “Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction”.
| Bioactivities | Polysaccharides | Proposed structure | Composition | Molecular Weight | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immunomodulatory activity | Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide | β-1,3-linked d-galactose residues; α-1,4-linked d-glucose | Not determined | 10kD | Promoting the maturation, differentiation and reproduction of immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as activating the reticuloendothelial system | Cheng et al. (2008) |
| Bupleurum polysaccharide | Not determined | Ara: Gal: Glc: Rha = 6.35: 3.15: 1.47: 1 | 2000kD | Enhance phagocytic functions of murine peritoneal macrophages | Cheng et al. (2010) | |
| Ephedra polysaccharides | Not determined | ESP-B4: Xyl (1.5 %), Ara (6.8 %), Glc (1.5 %), Rha (3.0 %), Man (1.5 %), Gal (8.3 %), GlcUA (2.3 %) and GalUA (75.2 %) | >2000 × 106Da for ESP-B4 | Inhibition on splenocyte proliferation | Kuang, Xia, Yang et al. (2011) | |
| Poria cocos polysaccharide | (1→3)-β-d- glucan possessing 9–10 branches of (1→6) linked β-d-glucopyranosyl groups and internal (1→6)-β-d-linkages | Man (92 %), Gal (6.2 %), and Ara (1.3 %) | 8kD | Enhance both cellular and humoral immunity in mice; Activate T cells; Activate NF-κB/Rel and iNOS expression by upregulating p38 kinase in murine macrophages | Lee et al. (2004), Ma et al. (2010), Tian et al. (2019) | |
| Chinese yam polysaccharide | 1, 3-linked-glc, 1-linked-gal and 1, 6-linked-gal glycosidic bonds | Glu: Gal = 1.52:1 | 16619Da | Chinese yam polysaccharide nanoparticles: Promote lymphocyte proliferation and trigger the transformation of T lymphocytes into Th cells | Luo et al. (2017, 2016) | |
| Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide | (1→ 6, 1→ 4)-linked β-d-glucopyranosyl backbone, substituted at O-3 position of (1→6)-linked β-d-glucopyranosyl by (1→3)- linked β-d-glucopyranosyl branches | β-Glucans (>90 % D-glucose) | 2.27kD | Activator of B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells; Promote the activation and maturation of murine bone-derived dendritic cells via TLR4 | Dai et al. (2012), Huang et al. (2019), Li et al. (2010) | |
| Rhizoma Atractylodis polysaccharide | 1, 3-linked-D Galp and 1, 6- linked-D Galp residues | Glu (60.67 %), Man (14.99 %), Rha (10.61 %), Ara (8.83 %) and Gal (4.90 %) | 1.87kD | Promotes productions of NO, ROS and cytokines via an interaction network including NF- κB and JAk-STAT signaling pathways | Xu et al. (2020) | |
| Anti-inflammatory activity | Ephedra polysaccharide | Not determined | ESP-B4: Xyl (1.5 %), Ara (6.8 %), Glc (1.5 %), Rha (3.0 %), Man (1.5 %), Gal (8.3 %), GlcUA (2.3 %) and GalUA (75.2 %) | >2000 × 106Da for ESP-B4 | Regulate Factor-1/Smad2 signaling pathway; Inhibit the TLR4 signaling pathway | Liang et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2016) |
| Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharide | Not determined | Man: Rib: GlcUA: Glu: Xyl: Ara = 2.14:3.61:1:2.86:5.98:36.39 | 456kD | Suppress NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation | Cui et al. (2019b) | |
| Bupleurum polysaccharide | (1→5)-linked Ara, (1→4)-linked Gal and (1→3)-linked Gal residues with occasionally branches at O-6 | Ara: Gal: Glc = 2.1:2.5:1 | 29kDa | Inhibit P-selectin-mediated recruitment of neutrophils rolling along the CHO-P cells | Sun et al. (2010), Tong et al. (2014, 2018) | |
| Poria cocos polysaccharide | neutral 1,6-branched 1,3- a-d-galactan | myo-inositol, sorbitol, fucose, galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, glucose and mannose | 610.7, 40.7, 7.9, 1.6, and 0.3 kDa | Suppress IP-10 | Lu et al. (2010) | |
| Anti-oxidative activity | Bupleurum polysaccharide | Not determined | 51.20 % total carbohydrate and 48.47 % uronic acid; Gal: Ara: Glc: Rha: Man = 13.43: 11.57: 4.02: 1.02: 1.0 | Not determined | Reduce the content of MDA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and enhancing the SOD, in acute lung injury model | Xie et al. (2012) |
| Ephedra polysaccharide | Not determined | Not determined | Not determined | Increase the SOD activity and reduce the production of MDA | Fan et al. (2015) | |
| Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide | Not determined | Glu: Gal: Ara = 23.4: 25.18: 8.32(GUPs-1), 14: 25.67: 17.54(GUPs-2), 1.13: 22.04: 31.44(GUPs-3) | 10160(GUPs-1), 11680(GUPs-2) and 13360(GUPs-3) Da | Fe2+-chelating activity; scavenge hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radical and DPPH radical | Zhang et al. (2015b) | |
| Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide | Backbone: 1→6, 1→3-linked; side chains: →6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-d-GlcpA-(1→, →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-d-GlcpA-(1→ and →3,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ | glucose and 8.5 % uronic acid | PUP80S1: 8.8kDa | Absorb oxygen radical and scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical | He, Zhang, Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| Backbone: (1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl; side chains: β-d-Glcp, (1→3)-β-d-Glcp, (1→3)-β-D-GlcpA, (1→4)-β-D-Glcp and (1→4)-β-D-GlcpA | glucose and 22.3 % glucuronic acid | PUP60S2: 14.4 kD | He, Zhang, Wang et al. (2016) | |||
| Poria cocos polysaccharide | Not determined | Man: Glu: Gal: Ara = 0.92: 86.88: 0.18: 12.01 | 21.5kDa | Relieve ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress via the ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway; Reduce DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical | Wang et al. (2016), Zhao et al. (2020) | |
| Rhizoma Atractylodis polysaccharide | Not determined | Rha: Xyl: Ara: Glu: Man: Gal = 1: 1.3: 1.5: 1.8: 2.1: 3.2 | 19.6kD | Reduce NOS, NO and MDA activity or contents, increase SOD and GSH-Px activities | Han et al. (2016) | |
| Ginger polysaccharide | Sugar resides: →1,4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→; →2,3,4)-α-d-Manp-(1→; →1,4,6)-α-d-Galp-(1→ | Man: Glu: Gal = 4.96: 92.24: 2.80 | GP1: 6128Da | Eliminate DPPH free radical | Wang, Wei et al. (2018) | |
| Sugar resides: →1,4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→; →2,3,4)-α-d-Manp-(1→; →1,4,6)-α-d-Galp-(1→; →3)-β-l-Arap-(1→ | Ara: Man: Glu: Gal = 4.78: 16.70: 61.77: 16.75 | GP2: 12619Da | ||||
| Chinese yam polysaccharide | 1,3-linked-glc, 1-linked-gal and 1,6-linked-gal glycosidic bonds | Glu: Gal = 1.52: 1 | 16619Da | Remove superoxide anion | Yang et al. (2015) | |
| Maintain intestinal homeostasis | Bupleurum polysaccharide | Not determined | Man: Rha: GlcA: GalA: Glc: Gal: Xyl: Ara = 2.93: 2.62: 1.00: 4.57: 15.11: 23.28: 1.46: 25.34 | 2,917731, 281670 and 2707 Da | Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ↓ Rikenellaceae↑ Ruminococcus↑ Oscillospira↑ Roseburia↑ | Feng et al. (2019) |
| Chinese yam polysaccharide | Not determined | Not determined | Not determined | Bifidobacteria↑ Lactobacilli↑ Enterococcus↓ Clostridium perfringens↓ | Zhang, Liang et al. (2019) | |
| Poria cocos polysaccharide | Not determined | Not determined | 4486kDa, 403kDa | Lachnospiracea↑ Alloprevotella↑ Parabacteroides↑ Clostridum IV↑ Ruminococcus↑ Bacteroides↑ Megamonas↓ Proteus↓ | Sun et al. (2019) | |
| Poria cocos polysaccharide | Not determined | Not determined | Not determined | Akkermansia muciniphila↑ Alistipes massiliensis↓ Robinsoniella peoriensis↓ Helicobacter hepaticus↓ Lactococcus↑ Lactobacillus↑ Faecalibacterium spp.↑ Bacteroides spp.↑ | Khan et al. (2018) | |
| Antibacterial activity | Chinese yam polysaccharide | 1,3-linked-glc, 1-linked-gal and 1,6-linked-gal glycosidic bonds | Glu: Gal = 1.52: 1 | 16619Da | Inhibit E. coli (MIC 2.5 mg/mL) | Yang et al. (2015) |
| Poria cocos polysaccharide | Not determined | Glu: Gal = 40.9: 1 | 20.5kDa | Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli growth | Li et al. (2018), Wang, Zhang et al. (2018) | |
| Antitussive activity | Asarum polysaccharides | Not determined | Not determined | Not determined | Decrease cough sensitivity and suppress airway inflammation | US20160339054A1 US20180271896A1 |