Gene and protein expression of autophagy regulators PRKAG2, TIPRL, and Aβ in AD, FTD, LBD, and control brains. Gene expression of autophagy regulators PRKAG2 (Hs00211903_m1), TIPRL (Hs00295580_m1), and endogenous control GAPDH (Hs03929097_g1) was conducted on cDNA synthesized from homogenates of frontal cortex (F) and hippocampus (H) regions of postmortem brain tissues from AD, LBD, FTD, and healthy controls (Cont) using Taqman assays on the QuantStudio 12K system. Fold change in gene transcripts of PRKAG2 (A) and TIPRL (B) was measured using comparative Ct method with GAPDH as endogenous control and Cont-F as the reference biological group. A 3-fold increase in PRKAG2 transcripts was observed in AD-F as compared to FTD-F, LBD-F and Cont-F (Mean±SD, *p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in the expression of TIPRL between the different groups. Protein levels of PRKAG2 (C), TIPRL (D), Aβ (E), and GAPDH (F) was also measured using western blotting analysis of the brain homogenates. A representative image of the western blot is shown here (G). No significant change in levels of PRKAG2 (60 and 75 kDa isoforms) and TIPRL (32 kDa) were observed between the different groups. Aβ (4 kDa) was significantly higher in AD-F and LBD-F as compared to Cont-F (Mean±SD, *p < 0.05).