Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of participants: cross-sectional study
| Variable | Control Subjects (n = 28) | T2DM Only (n = 27) | OSA Only (n = 29) | T2DM + OSA (n = 57) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptive characteristics | ||||
| Age, yr | 45.8 ± 14.8 | 50.7 ± 7.8 | 53.0 ± 10.2 | 56.0 ± 9.1 |
| Ethnicity/race, n (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 15 (54) | 15 (56) | 17 (59) | 29 (51) |
| All others/did not answer | 13 (46) | 12 (44) | 12 (41) | 28 (49) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 15 (54) | 12 (44) | 15 (52) | 37 (65) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.8 ± 6.3 | 31.0 ± 4.8 | 34.0 ± 6.3 | 35.2 ± 6.6 |
| Neck circumference, cm | 39.3 ± 4.0 | 40.8 ± 4.6 | 40.4 ± 4.3 | 43.2 ± 3.7 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 101.5 ± 14.5 | 109.6 ± 13.7 | 110.0 ± 15.7 | 117.2 ± 14.5 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 120.2 ± 13.4 | 127.9 ± 19.0 | 128.9 ± 14.8 | 134.3 ± 15.9 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 73.5 ± 10.3 | 76.4 ± 10.2 | 72.5 ± 8.9 | 77.3 ± 10.0 |
| Statins, n (%) | 2 (7.1) | 11 (40.7) | 7 (24.1) | 37 (64.9) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, n (%) | 2 (7) | 9 (33) | 1 (4) | 27 (47) |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 1 (4) | 13 (23) |
| At least one of the above medications, n (%) | 4 (14) | 15 (56) | 7 (24) | 51 (90) |
| T2DM data | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 87.7 ± 11.1 | 138.6 ± 56.9 | 90.1 ± 7.1 | 130.6 ± 34.6 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 6.9 ± 0.6 |
| OSA data | ||||
| Average AHI, events/h | 2.8 ± 2.6 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | 22.7 ± 16.0 | 24.1 ± 16.0 |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale, /24 | 6.3 ± 4.6 | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 8.8 ± 5.3 | 10.0 ± 5.0 |
Definition of abbreviations: AHI = apnea–hypopnea index; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentage); all values are unadjusted.