Table 1.
Quantitative Measurement Characteristics of Common Implementation Outcomes
Implementation outcome | Level of analysis | Other terms in the literature | Salience by implementation stage | Quantitative measurement method | Example from the published literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acceptability | Individual provider Individual consumer | Satisfaction with various aspects of the innovation (e.g. content, complexity, comfort, delivery, and credibility) | Early for adoption Ongoing for penetration Late for sustainability | Survey Administrative data Refused/blank | Auslander, W., McGinnis, H., Tlapek, S., Smith, P., Foster, A., Edmond, T., & Dunn, J. (2017). Adaptation and implementation of a trauma-focused cognitive behavioral intervention for girls in child welfare. The American journal of orthopsychiatry, 87(3), 206–215. doi :10.1037/ort0000233 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977284 |
Adoption | Individual provider Organization or setting | Uptake; utilization; initial implementation; intention to try | Early to mid | Administrative data Observation Survey | Knudsen, H. K., & Roman, P. M. (2014). Dissemination, adoption, and implementation of acamprosate for treating alcohol use disorders. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 75(3), 467–475. doi :10.15288/jsad.2014.75.467 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766759 |
Appropriateness | Individual provider Individual consumer Organization or setting | Perceived fit; relevance; compatibility; suitability; usefulness; practicability | Early (prior to adoption) | Survey | Proctor, E., Ramsey, A. T., Brown, M. T., Malone, S., Hooley, C., & McKay, V. (2019). Training in Implementation Practice Leadership (TRIPLE): evaluation of a novel practice change strategy in behavioral health organizations. Implementation science: IS, 14(1), 66. doi:10.1186/s13012-019-0906-2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585005/ |
Feasibility | Individual providers Organization or setting | Actual fit or utility; suitability for everyday use; practicability | Early (during adoption) | Survey Administrative data | Lyon, A. R., Bruns, E. J., Ludwig, K., Stoep, A. V., Pullmann, M. D., Dorsey, S.,… McCauley, E. (2015). The Brief Intervention for School Clinicians (BRISC): A mixed-methods evaluation of feasibility, acceptability, and contextual appropriateness. School mental health, 7(4), 273–286. doi:10.1007/s12310-015-9153-0 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26688700 |
Fidelity | Individual provider Program | Delivered as intended; adherence; integrity; quality of program delivery | Early to mid | Observation Checklists Self-report | Smith, J. D., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., & Wilson, M. N. (2013). Indirect effects of fidelity to the family check-up on changes in parenting and early childhood problem behaviors. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 81(6), 962–974. doi :10.1037/a0033950 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3852198/ |
Implementation cost | Provider or providing Institution Payor Individual consumer | Marginal cost; cost-effectiveness; cost-benefit | Early for adoption and feasibility Mid for penetration Late for sustainability | Administrative data | Jordan N, Graham AK, Berkel C, Smith JD (2019). Budget impact analysis of preparing to implement the Family Check-Up 4 Health in primary care to reduce pediatric obesity. Prevention science, 20(5), 655–664. doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0970-x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30613852 |
Penetration/Reach | Organization or setting | Level of institutionalization? Spread? Service access? | Mid to late | Case audit Checklists | Emily M. Woltmann, M. S. W., Rob Whitley, P. D., Gregory J. McHugo, P. D., Mary Brunette, M. D., William C. Torrey, M. D., Laura Coots, M. S.,… Robert E. Drake, M. D., Ph.D.,. (2008). The Role of Staff Turnover in the Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices in Mental Health Care. Psychiatric Services, 59(7), 732737. doi :10.1176/ps.2008.59.7.732 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18586989 |
Sustainability | Administrators Organization or setting | Maintenance; continuation; durability; incorporation; integration; sustained use; institutionalization; routinization; | Late | Case audit Checklists Survey | Scudder, A. T., Taber-Thomas, S. M., Schaffner, K., Pemberton, J. R., Hunter, L., & Herschell, A. D. (2017). A mixed-methods study of system-level sustainability of evidence-based practices in 12 large-scale implementation initiatives. Health research policy and systems, 15(1), 102. doi:10.1186/s12961-017-0230-8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29216886 |
Quantity | Organization or setting | Proportion; quantity | Early through late | Administrative data Observation | Brown, C. H., Chamberlain, P., Saldana, L., Padgett, C., Wang, W., & Cruden, G. (2014). Evaluation of two implementation strategies in 51 child county public service systems in two states: results of a cluster randomized head-to-head implementation trial. Implementation science, 9, 134. doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0134-8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201704/ |
Speed | Organization or setting | Duration (speed) | Early through late | Administrative data Observation | Saldana, L., Chamberlain, P., Wang, W., & Hendricks Brown, C. (2012). Predicting program start-up using the stages of implementation measure. Administration and policy in mental health, 39(6), 419–425. doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0363-y https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3212640/ |
Note. This table is modeled after Table 1 in the Proctor et al. (2011) article.