TABLE 3.

Effects of Clostridium butyricum treatment on serum hormones¹ concentrations of laying hens.

	GLP-1 (pmol/L)	Glucagon (pg/mL)	Insulin (μIU/mL)	Leptin (ng/mL)	T3 (ng/mL)	T4 (ng/mL)
Control	21.06 ± 3.69b	61.77 ± 7.62	10.10 ± 1.45b	4.15 ± 0.63	0.94 ± 0.07b	15.41 ± 1.44b
Treatment	26.62 ± 5.99a	67.84 ± 7.68	12.38 ± 1.74a	4.57 ± 0.58	1.19 ± 0.15a	19.49 ± 1.71a
P-value	0.042	0.135	0.031	0.196	0.001	< 0.001

^a,bValues with different superscripts within the same column differ significantly (P < 0.05). ¹GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; T₃, triiodothyronine; T₄, tetraiodothyronine.