Fig. 2. Long-term trends in presence and dominance of Caribbean acroporid corals.

Proportion of reef sites with species present (gray) and dominant (black), determined from a binomial GLMM that included country as a random effect. Vertical bars are standard errors of mean-fitted values; stars indicate earliest significant declines since the historical period compared with Pleistocene values; numbers are reef sites with species presence/absence data for each time bin. Arrows indicate first recorded occurrence of major novel disturbances, with timing of coral bleaching signifying bleaching at several locations across the Caribbean. Diadema, mass die-off of sea urchin D. antillarum.