Table 1.

Coefficients of friction (μ) for native articular cartilage and meniscus in the boundary lubrication regime

Tissue type	Species	Modality	Substrate	Lubricant	μ*	Reference
AC	ovine	pin-on-plate	stainless steel	FBS	0.46	(Kanca et al., 2018b)
AC	ovine	pin-on-plate	AC	FBS	0.03	(Kanca et al., 2018b)
AC	human	pin-on-plate	glass	PBS	0.22	(Middendorf et al., 2017)
AC	porcine	pin-on-plate	glass	SF	0.001–0.11	(McCutchen, 1962)
AC	bovine	ball-on-disc	glass	N/A	0.19	(Blum and Ovaert, 2013)
AC	bovine	rolling-ball-on-disc	glass	PBS	0.12–0.16	(Jia et al., 2016)
AC	bovine	ball-on-disc	glass	N/A	0.121	(Grad et al., 2012)
AC	bovine	pin-on-plate	stainless steel	PBS	0.025	(Moore and Burris, 2015)
AC	bovine	pin-on-plate	glass	PBS	0.13	(Oungoulian et al., 2015)
AC	bovine	pin-on-plate	CoCr HC	PBS	0.15	(Oungoulian et al., 2015)
AC	bovine	pin-on-plate	CoCr LC	PBS	0.13	(Oungoulian et al., 2015)
AC	bovine	pin-on-plate	stainless steel	PBS	0.24	(Oungoulian et al., 2015)
AC	bovine	pin-on-disc	glass	PBS	0.069–0.13	(Peng et al., 2015)
AC	bovine	annulus-on-disc+	AC	PBS	0.24	(Schmidt et al., 2007)
AC	bovine	annulus-on-disc+	AC	BSF	0.028	(Schmidt et al., 2007)
AC	bovine	disc-on-disc+	AC	PBS	0.08	(Waller et al., 2013)
AC	bovine	disc-on-disc+	AC	CACP-SF	0.04	(Waller et al., 2013)
AC	bovine	disc-on-disc+	AC	HSL	0.03	(Waller et al., 2013)
AC	bovine	disc-on-disc+	AC	HSF	0.01	(Waller et al., 2013)
AC	bovine	disc-on-disc+	AC	CACP-SF+HSL	0.005	(Waller et al., 2013)
AC	bovine	pin-on-plate	AC	BSF	0.014	(Warnecke et al., 2017)
AC	bovine	pin-on-plate	glass	BSF	0.215	(Warnecke et al., 2017)
meniscus	bovine	pin-on-plate	glass	PBS	0.17–0.24	(Bonnevie et al., 2014)
meniscus	bovine	pin-on-plate	glass	PBS	0.20	(Bonnevie et al., 2016)
meniscus	bovine	pin-on-plate	glass	PBS	0.032	(Peng et al., 2015)
meniscus	bovine	pin-on-plate	AC	BSF	0.021	(Warnecke et al., 2017)
meniscus	bovine	pin-on-plate	glass	BSF	0.10	(Warnecke et al., 2017)
meniscus	ovine	pin-on-plate	glass	PBS	0.25–0.3	(Galley et al., 2011)
meniscus	ovine	pin-on-plate	glass	ESF	0.09–0.14	(Galley et al., 2011)

Abbreviations. AC: articular cartilage; BSF: bovine synovial fluid; CACP-SF: camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome synovial fluid; CoCr LC: cobalt chromium low carbon; CoCr HC: cobalt chromium high carbon; ESF: equine synovial fluid; FBS: fetal bovine serum; HSF: human synovial fluid; HSL: human superficial zone protein; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; SF: synovial fluid;

^*Boundary lubrication, average, equilibrium, kinetic coefficient of friction (μ)

⁺Tribological testing modalities analogous to pin-on-disc