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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Sleep Health. 2020 Jan 11;6(2):214–219. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.12.006

Table 3.

Mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and dietary behaviors, controlling for race/ethnicity, education, annual income, family income, employment status, parenting role, and body mass index

Parameter Mean score (SD) P value
Eat breakfast 5 days or more 6.26 (0.43) 0.50
Eat breakfast 4 days or less 7.11 (0.42) 0.35
Eat breakfast Never/Do not know 6.61 (0.58) referent
Eat one or more servings of fruit per day 6.69 (0.45) 0.95
Eat less than one serving of fruit per day 6.64 (0.43) 0.99
Eat no fruit servings per day 6.65 (0.56) referent
Eat one or more servings of vegetables per day 6.85 (0.38* 0.35
Eat less than one serving of vegetables per day 7.04 (0.39) 0.23
Eat no servings of vegetables per day 6.09 (0.80) referent
Drink one or more servings of juice per day 6.62 (0.54) 0.89
Drink less than one serving of juice per day 6.80 (0.44) 0.41
Drink no servings of juice per day 6.56 (0.41) Referent
Sugar-sweetened beverages, average 1 or more per day 7.09 (0.45) 0.07
Sugar sweetened beverages, average less than 1 per day 6.61 (0.42) 0.35
Sugar sweetened beverages, never 6.28 (0.51) referent
Energy drink, average 1 or more per day 7.08 (0.51) 0.04
Energy drink, none 6.24 (0.39) Referent
High calorie coffee drink, average 1 or more per day 7.14 (0.51) 0.02
High calorie coffee drinks, less than 1 per day 6.70 (0.45) 0.06
High calorie coffee drinks, none 6.14 (0.42) referent