Table 1.
Cohort characteristics, by aggregate joint trajectory group.
| Aggregate Group 1 Medicaid stops; Cash pay minimal |
Aggregate Group 2 Medicaid drops; Cash pay minimal |
Aggregate Group 3 Medicaid stops; Cash pay increases |
Aggregate Group 4 Medicaid drops; Cash pay increases |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joint trajectory groups included | M1C1, M1C2, M2C1, M2C2 | M3C1, M3C2, M4C1, M4C2 | M1C3, M1C4, M2C3, M2C4 | M3C3, M3C4, M4C3, M4C4 |
| n (%) | 325 (16.8%) | 948 (49.0%) | 264 (13.6%) | 399 (20.6%) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 35.9 (10.7) | 41.2 (10.2) | 36.7 (10.3) | 39.8 (10.5) |
| Age categories, n (%) | ||||
| 18–30 | 125 (38.5%) | 159 (16.7%) | 85 (32.2%) | 95 (23.8%) |
| 31–40 | 100 (30.8%) | 288 (30.4%) | 96 (36.4%) | 115 (28.8%) |
| 41–50 | 58 (17.9%) | 306 (32.3%) | 52 (19.7%) | 125 (31.3%) |
| 51–64 | 42 (12.9%) | 195 (20.6%) | 31 (11.7%) | 64 (16.0%) |
| Female, n (%) | 223 (68.6%) | 681 (71.8%) | 191 (72.4%) | 289 (72.4%) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 235 (72.3%) | 731 (77.1%) | 206 (78.0%) | 300 (75.2%) |
| Black | 69 (21.2%) | 154 (16.2%) | 43 (16.3%) | 74 (18.6%) |
| Other | 21 (6.5%) | 63 (6.7%) | 15 (5.7%) | 25 (6.3%) |
| Metropolitan residencea, n (%) | 242 (74.5%) | 670 (70.7%) | 203 (76.9%) | 287 (71.9%) |
| Baseline diagnoses, n (%) | ||||
| Substance use disorder | 135 (41.5%) | 318 (33.5%) | 109 (41.3%) | 151 (37.8%) |
| Chronic pain | 271 (83.4%) | 881 (92.9%) | 246 (93.2%) | 376 (94.2%) |
| Anxiety disorder | 116 (35.7%) | 443 (46.7%) | 126 (47.7%) | 216 (54.1%) |
| Depression | 98 (30.2%) | 418 (44.1%) | 124 (47.0%) | 191 (47.9%) |
| Other mental illness | 119 (36.6%) | 374 (39.5%) | 125 (47.4%) | 159 (39.9%) |
| Charlson comorbidity scoreb, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 199 (61.2%) | 456 (48.1%) | 150 (56.8%) | 187 (46.9%) |
| 1 | 82 (25.2%) | 257 (27.1%) | 68 (25.8%) | 106 (26.6%) |
| 2 or more | 44 (13.5%) | 235 (24.8%) | 46 (17.4%) | 106 (26.6%) |
| LIP eligibility | ||||
| Opioid Rx fills | 256 (78.8%) | 799 (84.3%) | 220 (83.3%) | 348 (87.2%) |
| Benzodiazepine Rx fills | 3 (0.9%) | 30 (3.2%) | 8 (3.0%) | 21 (5.3%) |
| Pharmacy shopping | 240 (73.9%) | 630 (66.5%) | 206 (78.0%) | 297 (74.4%) |
| No criteria metc | 34 (10.5%) | 53 (5.6%) | 14 (5.3%) | 14 (3.5%) |
Note. SD: Standard deviation; Rx: Prescription. MxCx group notations indicate a joint trajectory group, which pairs Medicaid-covered opioid and benzodiazepine fill trajectory group (M1-M4) with a cash pay opioid and benzodiazepine fill trajectory group (C1-C4) depicted in Figure 1.
a
Residence in a county with a Rural-Urban Continuum Code designation of 1–3.
b
Charlson scores were calculated using the Quan modification.14
c
Subject did not meet any of the three LIP eligibility criteria based on claims data review. We assumed these subjects were referred for LIP enrollment by a healthcare provider.