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. 2020 Mar 24;17(4):283–291. doi: 10.30773/pi.2019.0189

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Copyright © 2020 Korean Neuropsychiatric Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — The effect of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) procedure and acute or chronic ketamine (K) treatment on microglia and astrocyte activation. (A) Number of Iba-1+ microglial cells in the hippocampus. (B) Number of GFAP+ astrocytes in the hippocampus. (C) Iba-1 (a-d) and GFAP (e-h) immunostaining of hippocampus: (a, e) control, (b, f) CUMS, (c, g) CUMS+acute K treatment, and (d, h) CUMS+chronic K treatment. Arrows, Iba-1 (a-d) or GFAP (e-h) immunoreactive microglia or astrocytes, respectively. Original magnification, ×400. **p <0.01 vs. control group, ##p <0.01 vs. CUMS group. Iba-1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1, GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein.