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. 2020 Apr 22;11:1934. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15784-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Fifteen or three SIM raw data images were used as input and the corresponding SIM reconstructions from 15 images were used as the ground truth to train the U-Net. Θ: the angle of the sinusoidal patterned illumination; ψ: the phase of the patterned illumination. b Reconstruction results for different subcellular structures. Shown are average projections of 15 SIM raw data images (first column), the reconstruction results from a conventional SIM reconstruction algorithm (second column), U-Net-SIM15 output (third column), U-Net-SIM3 output (fourth column) and line profiles along the dashed line in each image (fifth column). In the line profile plot, the average is shown on the right y-axis and all others share the left y-axis. r indicates the resolution. Shown are representative images randomly selected form the testing dataset indicated in Supplementary Table 1. The training datasets were collected from at least three independent experiments. c The achieved resolution of different approaches was estimated (Source data are provided as a Source Data file). MT microtubules (n = 204); Adh. adhesions (n = 32); Mito. mitochondria (n = 61); Act. F-actin (n = 85). A average; S SIM reconstruction; U15 U-Net-SIM15; U3 U-Net-SIM3. Tukey box-and-whisker plot shown with outliers displayed as dots (Methods). Scale bar: 1 μm.