Table 1.

Applications of promoter engineering.

Strain	effect	promoter	Reference
S.avermitilis	Lycopene yield was increased to 82 mg/g dry cell weight	Sp44	[79]
S. hygroscopicus XM201	Geldanamycin yield was increased by 88%	5063p	[80]
S. lividans TK24	Ptac*RBS3 activity is 17.6-fold than that of Ptac and 3.6-fold than that of PkasO*R15	Ptac*RBS3	[81]
S. albus J1074	Production of the blue pigment indigoidine and activation of the biosynthesis of 6-epi-alteramides A/B	ermE*p	[82]
S. lividans TK24	Gene expression control at the posttranslational level in Actinobacteria	An RBS selector in vivo	[83]
S. lividans	The production of transglutaminases reached 5.73 U/mL	TGase promoter	[84]
S. avermitilis MA-4680	Chitobiase activity was 24-fold higher	xylA	[85]
S. fradiae CGMCC 4.576	Neomycin production was increased by 36%	PkasO*	[86]
S. natalensis	Activation of pimaricin biosynthesis	pimM	[87]
S. coelicolorA3(2)	Actinorhodin production tripled	SPL-20	[88]
S. rimosus M527	β-glucuronidase activity increased by 2.2-fold	SPL-21	[89]
S. lividans	Enzymatic activity of Phospholipase D reached 69.12 U/mL	Ptip	[90]