Table 2.
Time interaction effectsa for variables associated with increasing subjective memory impairment from before to after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
| Univariate model | Final multivariate model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Female gender | 1.22 | 0.59–2.52 | 0.58 | |||
| Indication for ECT | ||||||
| Unipolar depression | Reference | |||||
| Bipolar depression | 1.25 | 0.46–3.39 | 0.66 | |||
| All other conditions | 1.99 | 0.58–6.85 | 0.26 | |||
| Previously treated with ECT | 1.48 | 0.73–2.99 | 0.28 | |||
| Lithium | 1.38 | 0.52–3.67 | 0.52 | |||
| Valproate | 2.53 | 0.43–15.08 | 0.31 | |||
| Lamotrigine | 2.64 | 0.83–8.38 | 0.10 | |||
| Antipsychotic | 1.05 | 0.53–2.09 | 0.89 | |||
| Antidepressant | 0.78 | 0.34–1.81 | 0.57 | |||
| Bifrontal/bitemporal ECT (v. unilateral) | 0.94 | 0.30–2.94 | 0.92 | |||
| Brief pulse width (v. ultrabrief) | 1.84 | 0.79–4.28 | 0.16 | |||
| Age, per 10 years | 0.75 | 0.60–0.93 | 0.01 | 0.78 | 0.63–0.97 | 0.03 |
| Duration of follow-up, per 4 weeks | 0.71 | 0.54–0.94 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 0.51–0.91 | 0.01 |
| Number of ECT sessions, per session | 1.11 | 1.02–1.20 | 0.02 | |||
| Charge, per 100 mC | 0.85 | 0.61–1.19 | 0.35 | |||
| CGI severity pre-ECT (1–7),b per point increase | 0.70 | 0.44–1.10 | 0.11 | |||
| CGI improvement (1–7),b per point increase | 1.67 | 1.13–2.46 | 0.01 | |||
| More negative expectation of memory effect (GSE-My, 1–7), per point worsening | 1.90 | 1.33–2.70 | <0.001 | 1.83 | 1.28–2.61 | <0.001 |
| More negative expectation of mood effect (GSE-Md, 1–7), per point worsening | 1.21 | 0.77–1.90 | 0.40 | |||
CGI, Clinical Global Impressions scale; GSE-My, GSE-Md, Global Self-Evaluation Memory and Mood.
a.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI for an interaction effect between time and variable on subjective memory impairment assessed pre- and post-ECT. Estimated from an ordinal mixed model with multiple imputation.
b.
Lower score is better.