Table 1.

The clinical values of EVs in pregnancy complications

Pregnancy complications	Source of EVs	Pregnancy stage	Targets	Isolation method	Detection method	Clinical value	References
Pre‐eclampsia	Plasma	Early	Total exosomes, exosomal PLAP	Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation	ELISA	Elevated in PE at early pregnancy (AUC 0.745 and 0.829)	85
	Plasma	Late	Exosomal PLAP to total exosomes ratio	Ultracentrifugation	ELISA	Reduced in PE; lower in late‐onset PE than early‐onset PE	86
	Plasma	Late	miRNAs profile	Commercial kit	Nanostring counter system miRNA assay	Potential markers of PE and subtypes of PE	88
	Plasma	Mid and late	miR‐210	Commercial kit	qRT‐PCR	Elevated in PE; higher in severe PE	89
	Plasma	Early	miR‐486‐1‐5p, miR‐486‐2‐5p	Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation	RNA sequencing	Elevated in PE at early pregnancy	85
	Plasma	Mid and late	miR‐136, miR‐494, miR‐495	Ultracentrifugation	qRT‐PCR	6.4‐, 3.9‐ and 2.1‐fold higher in PE than normal pregnancy	91
	Serum	Late	miR‐155	Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation	qRT‐PCR	Elevated in PE	81
	Serum	Late	miR‐548c‐5p	Commercial kit	qRT‐PCR	Reduced in PE	65
	Plasma	Early	miR‐517‐5p, miR‐520a‐5p, miR‐525‐5p	Commercial kit	qRT‐PCR	Reduced in PE at early pregnancy (AUC 0.719)	92
	Plasma	Late	PLAP+NEP+ EVs	Size exclusion chromatography	FCM	Elevated in PE	82
	Urine	Late	Podocin+ EVs‐to‐nephrin+ EVs ratio	Without isolation	FCM	Elevated in PE; correlated with renal injury	94
	Urine	Late	ENaC, NKCC2	Differential centrifugation	WB	Elevated in PE; correlated with renal injury	96
Gestational diabetes mellitus	Plasma	Early, mid and late	PLAP+EVs	Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation	ELISA	2.2‐fold higher at early gestation in GDM than normal pregnancy	66
	Plasma	Early, mid and late	PLAP per exosome	Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation	ELISA	63% lower at early gestation in GDM than normal pregnancy	66
	Oral fluid	Early	Total exosomes	Commercial kit	NTA	Elevated in GDM at early pregnancy (AUC 0.81)	97
	Plasma	Late	miR‐125a‐3p, miR‐99b‐5p, miR‐197‐3p, miR‐22‐3p, miR‐224‐5p	Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation	RNA sequencing, qRT‐PCR	Elevated in GDM; related to metabolism	45
	Serum	Early	10 miRNAs	Differential centrifugation	qRT‐PCR	Elevated in GDM at early pregnancy	98
	Plasma	Late	DPPIV+PLAP+ EVs	Without isolation	FCM	Eightfold higher in GDM than normal pregnancy	99
	Plasma	Late	78 proteins	Ultracentrifugation	SWATH‐MS	Potential markers of GDM	100
Preterm birth	Plasma	Early, mid and late	173 miRNAs	Ultracentrifugation	RNA sequencing	Potential markers of PTB	103
	Urine	Late	16S rRNAs derived from Ureaplasma and Veillonellaceae	Differential centrifugation	RNA sequencing	Elevated in PTB	104
	Plasma	Late	72 proteins	Differential centrifugation, size exclusion chromatography	SWATH‐MS	Potential markers of PTB	69
	Plasma	Early	62 proteins	Size exclusion chromatography	LC‐MS	PTB predictor at early pregnancy	105
Foetal growth restriction	Plasma	Late	PLAP+ exosomes to total exosomes ratio	Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation	NTA	Reduced in FGR; corrected with birth weight percentile	106
	Serum	Mid	miR‐20b‐5p, miR‐942‐5p, miR‐324‐3p, miR‐223‐5p, miR‐127‐3p	‐	RNA sequencing	Elevated in FGR	107

Abbreviations: ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; FCM, flow cytometry; LC‐MS, liquid chromatograph‐mass spectrometer; NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis; qRT‐PCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SWATH‐MS, sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra; WB, Western blotting.