FIGURE 2.

Effects of short-chain fatty acids (SFCAs) in VASP phosphorylation in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs). Pictures show VASP (Ser²³⁹) phosphorylation in RAECs incubated with butyrate (5 mM), acetate (10 mM), or propionate (10 mM). In some experiments, cells were coincubated with GLPG0974 (GLPG, 0.1 μM) or β-hydroxybutyrate (SHB, 5 mM) for 24 h, and in the last 6 h in the absence (Ctrl) or presence of angiotensin (Ang)II (1 μM), measured by immunostaining (red fluorescence) intensity normalized to the blue nuclear stain DAPI. Cells were stimulated by the calcium ionophore calimycin (A23187, 1 μM) for 30 min. Scale bar, 50 μm. Results are shown as mean ± SEM (four to six). *P < 0.05 vs. ctrl; ^#P < 0.05 vs. AngII; ⁺P < 0.05 vs. AngII + SFCA group.