FIGURE 3.

Effects of short-chain fatty acids (SFCAs) in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs). Reactive oxygen species were measured by fluorescence in CM-H2DCFDA-loaded cells in RAECs incubated with butyrate (5 mM), acetate (10 mM), or propionate (10 mM). In some experiments, cells were co-incubated with GLPG0974 (GLPG, 0.1 μM) or β-hydroxybutyrate (SHB, 5 mM) for 24 h, and in the last 6 h in the absence (control) or presence of AngII (100 μM). Results are shown as mean ± SEM (six to eight). **P < 0.01 vs. ctrl; ^##P < 0.01 vs. AngII; ⁺⁺P < 0.01 vs. AngII + SFCA group.