TABLE 1.
Overview of the characteristics of the different methods.
| 2D | Spheres |
Organoids |
||||
| No matrigel GBO | Matrigel | Genetic Eng. NeoCOR | Co-culture GLICO | |||
| Efficiency of derivation | 100% | <50% | 91.4% | n.d. | Oncogene-dependent | 100% |
| Time of culture establishment | 1–2 weeks | 1–2 weeks | 1–2 weeks | 1–2 months | 1–4 months | 1–2 months |
| Homogeneity (bulk analysis) | + | ± | – | – | – | – |
| Heterogeneity (maintenance of tumor complexity) | – | – | + | + | + | + |
| Relative 3D spatial distribution | – | – | + | + | + | + |
| Genetic stability overtime | ±a | ± | +b | n.dc | n.a.d | + |
| Freeze/thaw | + | + | + | – | – | – |
| Maximum time in culture | >1 year | 6–9 months | >1 month | >1 year | 1–2 months post electroporation | 14–24 days post co-culture |
| Potential to predict response to treatment | – | – | + | n.d. | + | + |
| GBM/non-GBM cell mix to study invasion | – | – | – | – | + | + |
| References | Fael Al-Mayhani et al., 2009; Pollard et al., 2009 | Galli et al., 2004; Tunici et al., 2004; Pollard et al., 2009; Vukicevic et al., 2010 | Jacob et al., 2020 | Hubert et al., 2016 | Bian et al., 2018; Ogawa et al., 2018 | Ogawa et al., 2018; Linkous et al., 2019 |
aGenomic stability is maintained within the first 6 months of culture (Pollard et al., 2009); some features are rapidly lost, such as EGFR amplification (Fael Al-Mayhani et al., 2009; Linkous et al., 2019). bGenomic stability is maintained, but the analysis has been done at only 2 weeks in culture (Jacob et al., 2020). cn.d. not determined. dn.a., not applicable. GBO, GBM organoid; NeoCOR, neoplastic cerebral organoids; GLICO, GLIoma cerebral organoids.