Table 1. Definition of 26 Direct and Indirect Factors Associated With Child Anthropometric Failures Identified From a Comprehensive Review of Conceptual Framework and Prior Studies.

Factor	Definition	Reference category	Self-reported
Dietary diversity score9	In quintiles, based on a score ranging from 0 to 8, with a point assigned for consuming grains, roots and tubers, legumes and nuts, dairy products (ie, milk, yogurt, cheese), flesh foods (ie, meat, fish, poultry, and liver or organ meats), eggs, vitamin-A rich fruits, and vegetables as per the 24-hour recall of food intake in the DHS; 1 indicates poor dietary diversity; 2, relatively poor; 3, middle; 4, relatively rich; 5, rich dietary diversity	Rich dietary diversity	Yes
Breastfeeding initiation9	In the 2 following categories: (1) initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h of birth and (2) initiation of breastfeeding >1 h of birth, defined as delayed breastfeeding	Breastfeeding initiation <1 h of birth	Yes
Full vaccination29	Yes if the child received a Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination against tuberculosis; 3 doses of diptheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine; ≥3 doses of polio vaccine; and 1 dose of measles vaccine; no otherwise	Fully vaccinated	Mother’s self-report and vaccination cards
Vitamin A supplement30	Yes if the child received vitamin A supplementation; no otherwise	Received vitamin A supplement	No
Iodized salt30	Yes if iodized salt is used; no otherwise	Used iodized salt	No
Infectious disease in past 2 weeks9	Yes if the child had a history infectious disease (diarrhea, cough, or fever) in the 2 weeks before the survey; no otherwise	No infectious disease in the past 2 weeks	Yes
Oral rehydration therapy for children diarrhea30	In the 3 following categories: (1) no diarrhea, (2) diarrhea with oral rehydration therapy, and (3) diarrhea with no oral rehydration therapy	No diarrhea	Yes
Care seeking for suspected pneumonia30	In the 3 following categories: (1) no suspected pneumonia, (2) suspected pneumonia and sought for care for it, and (3) suspected pneumonia but did not seek for care for it.	No suspected pneumonia	Yes
Indoor pollution9	Low if the household used solid fuels for cooking; high otherwise	Low indoor pollution	Yes
Household wealth31	In quintiles, constructed by DHS based on a selected set of household assets; 1 indicates poorest household wealth; 2, poorer; 3, middle; 4, richer; 5, richest household wealth	Richest household wealth	No
Maternal education32	In the 4 following categories: (1) no schooling, (2) primary education, (3) secondary education, and (4) ≥college; no schooling was defined as lack of maternal education	≥College	Yes
Paternal education32	In the 4 following categories: (1) no schooling, (2) primary education, (3) secondary education, and (4) ≥college; no schooling was defined as lack of paternal education	≥College	Yes
Maternal height33	In the 5 following categories: (1) <145 cm, (2) 145-149.9 cm, (3) 150-154.9 cm, (4) 155-159.9 cm, and (5) ≥160 cm, with <145 cm defined as short maternal height	≥160 cm	No
Maternal BMI34	In the 3 following categories: (1) <18.5, (2) 18.5-24.9, and (3) ≥25, with <18.5 defined as low maternal BMI	≥25	No
Paternal height9	In the 5 following categories: (1) <155 cm, (2) 155-159.9 cm, (3) 160-164.9 cm, (4) 165-169.0 cm, and (5) ≥170, with <155 cm defined as short paternal height	≥170 cm	No
Paternal BMI34	In the 3 following categories: (1) <18.5, (2) 18.5-24.9, and (3) ≥25, with <18.5 defined as low paternal BMI	≥25	No
Drinking water source35	Safe if the household had access to water piped into dwelling, yard, or plot, public tap or standpipe, tube well or borehole, protected well or spring, rain water, and bottled water; unsafe otherwise	Safe water source	Yes
Sanitary facility35	Improved if the household had access to flush to piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab, and composting toilet; unimproved otherwise	Improved sanitary facility	Yes
Stool disposal36	Safe if the child used a toilet or latrine, if fecal matter was put or rinsed into a toilet or latrine or buried; unsafe otherwise	Safe stool disposal	Yes
Antenatal care30	In the 3 following categories: (1) ≥8 antenatal care visits, (2) 4-7 antenatal care visits, and (3) <4 antenatal care visits from a skilled provider for the most recent birth	≥8 antenatal care visits	Yes
Skilled birth attendant at delivery30	Yes if a woman delivered the child with skilled birth attendant, including physicians, nurses, and midwives; no otherwise	Delivered the child with skilled birth attendant	Yes
Family planning need30	Satisfied if the woman, who was fecund and married or in a union, wishes to stop or delay childbearing or is currently using any modern method of contraception; unsatisfied otherwise	Family planning need satisfied	Yes
Maternal marriage age30	In the 2 following categories: (1) married at <18 y and (2) married at ≥18 y, with married at <18 y defined as child marriage	Married at <18 y	Yes
Woman has health care autonomy30	Yes if the mother was involved independently or jointly in the decision-making; no if the decision was made by the husband or partner or someone else.	The decision was made by the husband or partner or someone else	Yes
Woman has movement autonomy30	Yes if the mother was involved independently or jointly in the decision-making; no if the decision was made by the husband or partner or someone else	The decision was made by the husband or partner or someone else	Yes
Woman has money autonomy30	Yes if the mother was involved independently or jointly in the decision-making; no if the decision was made by the husband or partner or someone else.	The decision was made by the husband or partner or someone else	Yes

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).