Table 1.
Characteristics of the key studies on delayed school start time.
| Authors (Year) | Sample Size (School Grade) | Study Design | Measures | Main Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wahlstrom (2002) [107] | >12.000 (grades 9–12) | Longitudinal | Sleep | ↑ sleep duration ↑ rise time ↓ sleepiness |
| Academic performance | ↑ school rates ↓ tardies/absences |
|||
| Health | ↓ depressive mood | |||
| Wolfson (2007) [108] | 205 (grades 7–8) | Cross-sectional | Sleep | ↑ bedtime ↑ rise time ↑ sleep duration ↓ WE oversleep ↓ sleepiness |
| Academic performance | ↑ school rates ↓ tardies/absences |
|||
| Owens (2010) [109] | 201 (grades 9–12) | Longitudinal | Sleep | ↑ sleep duration ↓ bedtime ↑ rise time ↑ sleep satisfaction ↓ sleepiness |
| Academic performance | ↓ tardies/absences | |||
| Health | ↓ depressive mood ↓ HS utilization |
|||
| Borlase (2013) [112] | 667 (grades 9–12) | Longitudinal | Sleep | ↑ sleep duration ↓ bedtime ↑ rise time ↓ WE oversleep ↓ sleepiness |
| Short (2013) [129] | 687 (grades 9–12) | Cross-sectional | Sleep | ↑ sleep duration |
| Boerges (2014) [110] | 197 (grades 9–12) | Longitudinal | Sleep | ↑ sleep duration ↑ rise time ↓ sleepiness |
| Academic performance | = school rates | |||
| Health | ↓ depressive mood ↓ caffeine use |
Abbreviation: WE: weekend; HS: healthcare service; Legend: ↑: “increase” (sleep duration, sleep satisfaction, WE oversleep, sleepiness, school rates, tardies/absences, depressive mood, HS utilization, caffeine use) or “delay” (bedtime, rise time); ↓: “decrease” (sleep duration, sleep satisfaction, WE oversleep, sleepiness, school rates, tardies/absences, depressive mood, HS utilization, caffeine use) or “advance” (bedtime, rise time).