Figure 2.

Metabolic reprogramming of EC derived from the intrinsic and extrinsic microenvironment. Acetyl-CoA derived from glucose, fatty acid, amino acid or acetate metabolism is the substrate for histone acetylation driven by HATs. Metabolic remodeling can upregulate enzymatic activity from glycolysis, lipolysis and other pathways leading to overproduction of acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. DNA methylation is governed by the availability of dietary methionine, that enters a cycle due to its conversion into SAM, a donor of the methyl groups. DNMTs—DNA N-methyltransferase; HATs—histone Acetyl-Transferase; HDACs—histone deacetylase; HMTs—histone methyltransferases; SAM—S-adenosyl-methionine; SAH—S-adenosyl-homocysteine.