Table 1.
The role of differentially expressed microRNAs in mothers with a history of GDM in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases.
| miRBase ID | Gene Location on Chromosome |
Role in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular/Cerebrovascular Diseases |
|---|---|---|
| hsa-miR-1-3p | 20q13.3 18q11.2 [11] |
Acute myocardial infarction, heart ischemia, post-myocardial infarction complications [12], diabetes mellitus [13,14], vascular endothelial dysfunction [15] |
| hsa-miR-16-5p | 13q14.2 | Myocardial infarction [16,17], heart failure [18], acute coronary syndrome, cerebral ischaemic events [19], gestational diabetes mellitus [20,21], diabetes mellitus [22,23,24] |
| hsa-miR-17-5p | 13q31.3 [25,26] | Cardiac development [27], ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury [28], kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury [29], diffuse myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [30], acute ischemic stroke [31], coronary artery disease [32], adipogenic differentiation [33], gestational diabetes mellitus [20,21], diabetes mellitus [24,34] |
| hsa-miR-20a-5p | 13q31.3 [35] | Pulmonary hypertension [36], gestational diabetes mellitus [20,21,37], diabetic retinopathy [38], diabetes with abdominal aortic aneurysm [39] |
| hsa-miR-20b-5p | Xq26.2 [35] | Hypertension-induced heart failure [40], insulin resistance [41], T2DM [42,43], diabetic retinopathy [44] |
| hsa-miR-21-5p | 17q23.2 [45] | Homeostasis of the cardiovascular system [46], cardiac fibrosis and heart failure [47,48], ascending aortic aneurysm [49], regulation of hypertension-related genes [50], myocardial infarction [51], insulin resistance [41], T2DM [52], T2DM with major cardiovascular events [53], T1DM [54,55,56], diabetic nephropathy [57] |
| hsa-miR-23a-3p | 19p13.12 | Heart failure [58], coronary artery disease [59], cerebral ischemia-reperfusion [60], vascular endothelial dysfunction [15], small and large abdominal aortic aneurysm [61], obesity and insulin resistance [62] |
| hsa-miR-24-3p | 19p13.12 | Asymptomatic carotid stenosis [63], familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease [64], angina pectoris [65], ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy [66], small and large abdominal aortic aneurysm [61], myocardial ischemia/reperfusion [67,68], diabetes mellitus [14,24,52,54] |
| hsa-miR-26a-5p | 3p22.2 12q14.1 [69] |
Heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy [70], myocardial infarction [51,71,72], ischemia/reperfusion injury [73], pulmonary arterial hypertension [74], T1DM [75], diabetic nephropathy [57] |
| hsa-miR-29a-3p | 7q32.3 | Ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury [76], cardiac cachexia, heart failure [77], atrial fibrillation [78], diffuse myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [30], coronary artery disease [79], pulmonary arterial hypertension [74], gestational diabetes mellitus [80], diabetes mellitus [13,23,81,82] |
| hsa-miR-100-5p | 11q24.1 | Failing human heart, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic cardiomyopathy [66], regulation of hypertension-related genes [50], T1DM [54] |
| hsa-miR-103a-3p | 5q34 20p13 [83] |
Hypertension [84], hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension [85], myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, acute myocardial infarction [84], ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy [66], obesity, regulation of insulin sensitivity [86], T1DM [87] |
| hsa-miR-125b-5p | 11q24.1 21q21.1 [88] |
Acute ischemic stroke [89], acute myocardial infarction [90,91], ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy [66], ascending aortic aneurysm [49], gestational diabetes mellitus [92], T1DM [93,94], T2DM [95] |
| hsa-miR-126-3p | 9q34.3 [96] | Acute myocardial infarction [72], T2DM [53,97], T2DM with major cardiovascular events [53], gestational diabetes mellitus [98] |
| hsa-miR-130b-3p | 22q11.21 | Hypertriglyceridemia [99,100], intracranial aneurysms [101], hyperacute cerebral infarction [102], T2DM [52,103,104], gestational diabetes mellitus [98] |
| hsa-miR-133a-3p | 18q11.2 20q13.33 [105] |
Heart failure [106], myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [30,107], arrhythmogenesis in the hypertrophic and failing hearts [108,109], coronary artery calcification [110], ascending aortic aneurysm [49], diabetes mellitus [13,14] |
| hsa-miR-143-3p | 5q33 | Intracranial aneurysms [111], coronary heart disease [112], myocardial infarction [113], myocardial hypertrophy [114], dilated cardiomyopathy [115], pulmonary arterial hypertension [116], acute ischemic stroke [89], ascending aortic aneurysm [49] |
| hsa-miR-145-5p | 5q33 | Hypertension [117,118], dilated cardiomyopathy [119], myocardial infarction [120,121], stroke [121], acute cerebral ischemic/reperfusion [122], T2DM [24,123], T1DM [52], diabetic retinopathy [124], gestational diabetes mellitus [125] |
| hsa-miR-146a-5p | 5q33.3 [126,127] | Angiogenesis [128], hypoxia, ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury [129], myocardial infarction [17], coronary atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism [130], acute ischemic stroke, acute cerebral ischemia [131], T2DM [24,52], T1DM [75], diabetic nephropathy [57] |
| hsa-miR-181a-5p | 1q32.1 9q33.3 [132] |
Regulation of hypertension-related genes [50], atherosclerosis [132], metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease [133], non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [134], ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, acute myocardial infarction [135,136], obesity and insulin resistance [62,132,133], T1DM [52,137], T2DM [132,136] |
| hsa-miR-195-5p | 17p13.1 [138] | Cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure [139,140], abdominal aortic aneurysms [141], aortic stenosis [142], T2DM [123], gestational diabetes mellitus [143] |
| hsa-miR-199a-5p | 1q24.3 19p13.2 |
Hypertension [144], congenital heart disease [145], pulmonary artery hypertension [146], unstable angina [147], diabetic retinopathy [148], T1DM, T2DM, gestational diabetes mellitus [149] |
| hsa-miR-221-3p | Xp11.3 | Asymptomatic carotid stenosis [63], cardiac amyloidosis [150], heart failure [151], atherosclerosis [152,153], aortic stenosis [154], acute myocardial infarction [155], acute ischemic stroke [156], focal cerebral ischemia [157], pulmonary artery hypertension [158], obesity [159] |
| hsa-miR-342-3p | 14q32.2 | Cardiac amyloidosis [150], obesity [160], T1DM [52,149,161], T2DM [149,162,163], GDM [149], endothelial dysfunction [164] |
| hsa-miR-499a-5p | 20q11.22 | Myocardial infarction [17,165], hypoxia [166], cardiac regeneration [167], vascular endothelial dysfunction [15] |
| hsa-miR-574-3p | 4p14 | Myocardial infarction [168], coronary artery disease [100], cardiac amyloidosis [150], stroke [169], T2DM [104,170] |