Table 6.
Characteristics of cases and controls, data gained at follow-up.
| Normotensive Term Pregnancies (n = 89) |
GDM on Diet Only (n = 93) |
GDM on Diet and Therapy (n = 18) |
p-value1 | p-value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 38.33 ± 0.38 | 38.70 ± 0.37 | 38.61 ± 0.80 | 0.465 | 0.564 |
| Time elapsed since delivery (years) | 5.75 ± 0.20 | 5.49 ± 0.12 | 5.33 ± 0.20 | 0.965 | 0.045 |
| BMI | 23.15 ± 0.38 | 23.85 ± 0.37 | 27.21 ± 0.83 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Normal (< 25) | 67 (75.28%) | 70 (75.27%) | 5 (27.78%) | 0.633 | < 0.001 |
| Overweight (≥ 25 <30) | 18 (20.22%) | 16 (17.20%) | 9 (50.00%) | ||
| Obese (≥ 30) | 4 (4.49%) | 7 (7.53%) | 4 (22.22%) | ||
| Smoking | - | - | |||
| Non-Smoker | 54 (60.67%) | 78 (83.87%) | 16 (88.88%) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 21 (23.60%) | 6 (6.45%) | 2 (11.11%) | ||
| Smoker | 14 (15.73%) | 9 (9.68%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Angina or heart attack in a first degree relative before the age of 60 years | 2 (2.22%) | 6 (6.45%) | 2 (11.11%) | - | - |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | - | - |
| DM type I | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | - | - |
| DM type II | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | - | - |
| Fasting serum glucose levels | - | - | |||
| Normal (3.33–5.59 mmol/L) | 89 (100.0%) | 90 (96.77%) | 18 (100.0%) | ||
| High (> 5.59 mmol/L) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.23%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Fasting serum total cholesterol levels | - | - | |||
| Normal (2.9–5.0 mmol/L) | 43 (48.31%) | 51 (54.84%) | 10 (55.55%) | ||
| High (> 5.0–7.9 mmol/L) | 46 (51.69%) | 41(44.09%) | 8 (44.44%) | ||
| Critical (≥ 8.0 mmol/L) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.08%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Fating serum LDL cholesterol levels | 0.987 | 0.281 | |||
| Normal (1.2–3.0 mmol/L) | 42 (47.19%) | 44 (47.31%) | 6 (33.33%) | ||
| High (> 3.0 mmol/L) | 47 (52.81%) | 49 (52.69%) | 12 (66.67%) | ||
| SBP | - | - | |||
| Normal (< 140 mmHg) | 89 (100.0%) | 92 (98.92%) | 18 (100.0%) | ||
| High (≥ 140–179 mmHg) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.08%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Critical (≥ 180 mmHg) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| DBP | - | - | |||
| Normal (< 90 mmHg) | 88 (98.88%) | 90 (96.77%) | 17 (94.44%) | ||
| High (≥ 90–109 mmHg) | 1 (1.12%) | 3 (3.23%) | 1 (5.56%) | ||
| Critical (≥ 110 mmHg) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| On blood pressure treatment | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | - | - |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (%) | 1 (0.98%) Chronic renal insufficiency |
0 (0%) | - | - |
| Chronic venous insufficiency | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | - | - |
| Thrombosis | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.15%) | 0 (0%) | - | - |
| Relative QRISK®3-2018 risk score | 0.926 ± 0.05 | 0.889 ± 0.04 | 1.022 ± 0.08 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Hormonal contraceptive use | 0.040 | 0.474 | |||
| No | 12 (13.48%) | 5 (5.38%) | 2 (11.11%) | ||
| In the past | 63 (70.79%) | 80 (86.02%) | 15 (83.33%) | ||
| Yes | 14 (15.73%) | 8 (8.60%) | 1 (5.56%) | ||
| Total number of pregnancies per patient | 0.924 | 0.440 | |||
| 1 | 9 (10.11%) | 8 (8.60%) | 2 (11.11%) | ||
| 2 | 44 (49.44%) | 48 (51.61%) | 6 (33.33%) | ||
| 3+ | 36 (40.45%) | 37 (39.78%) | 10 (55.55%) | ||
| Total parity per patient | 0.991 | 0.217 | |||
| 1 | 13 (14.61%) | 13 (13.98%) | 2 (11.11%) | ||
| 2 | 62 (69.66%) | 65 (69.89%) | 10 (55.55%) | ||
| 3+ | 14 (15.73%) | 15 (16.13%) | 6 (33.33%) | ||
Data are presented as mean ± SE for continuous variables and as number (percent) for categorical variables. Statistically significant results are marked in bold. Continuous variables were compared using Mann–Whitney test. p-value1, the comparison among normal pregnancies and GDM on diet; p-value2, the comparison among normal pregnancies and GDM on diet and therapy, respectively. Categorical variables were compared using a chi-square test. GA, gestational age; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CS, caesarean section.