Table 8.

Interview excerpts: Confidence.

Group	Excerpts
Experimental Group (MIAF)	Eason: With the heart-shaped “avatar” instantaneously indicating my geo-location at the fieldtrip site, I knew that I was on the right track to accomplish the required learning tasks. Ella: The step-by-step, pop-up inquiry hints could support me in conducting the learning tasks efficiently. Erwin: With the App … through photo-taking and audio-recording … all the data collection tasks could be carried out conveniently.
Control Group (CIWF)	Candy: During the fieldtrip, I was often uncertain about if I had arrived at the right location to do the right learning tasks. Charles: I found it was difficult for me to precisely write down my learning reflection in words on the worksheets … I am still an elementary pupil … often, I do not know how to write the words that I speak. Crystal: I am not good at drawing … I did not do well in the learning tasks that required quick-sketching.