Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by living arrangement (n = 6719).
| Variables | Categories | Total (n = 6719) |
Living with Others (n = 6318) |
Living Alone (n = 401) |
χ2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100.0% | 93.8% | 6.2% | ||||
| Age | 19–34 years | 34.6 | 34.0 | 43.2 | 210.67 | 0.001 |
| 35–49 years | 36.0 | 37.0 | 22.2 | |||
| 50–64 years | 29.4 | 29.0 | 34.6 | |||
| Sex | Men | 50.2 | 49.5 | 61.6 | 130.55 | 0.001 |
| Women | 49.8 | 50.5 | 38.4 | |||
| Marital status | Single | 27.5 | 25.1 | 63.1 | 4114.93 | <0.001 |
| Married | 66.8 | 70.4 | 10.9 | |||
| Separated, widowed, or divorced | 5.7 | 4.5 | 26.0 | |||
| Economic status | Lowest | 8.4 | 7.5 | 22.0 | 671.70 | <0.001 |
| Lower-middle or upper-middle | 56.3 | 56.3 | 56.0 | |||
| Highest | 35.3 | 36.2 | 22.0 | |||
| Education | Elementary school or less | 6.9 | 6.3 | 14.2 | 208.98 | <0.001 |
| Middle and high school | 48.7 | 49.0 | 44.9 | |||
| Some college or higher | 44.4 | 44.7 | 40.9 | |||
| Smoking | Past smokers or non-smokers | 76.6 | 77.4 | 64.3 | 213.52 | <0.001 |
| Current smokers | 23.4 | 22.6 | 35.7 | |||
| Drinking | Non-alcohol drinking | 38.0 | 38.4 | 31.1 | 49.76 | 0.008 |
| Alcohol drinking | 62.0 | 61.6 | 68.9 | |||
| Exercise | Less than one day a week or never | 77.6 | 77.7 | 76.2 | 2.73 | 0.538 |
| More than two days a week | 22.4 | 22.3 | 23.8 | |||
| Weight control | Never tried to control the weight | 29.3 | 29.3 | 29.3 | 0.01 | 0.978 |
| Effort | 70.7 | 70.7 | 70.7 | |||
| Dining out | Less than once a month | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 243.30 | <0.001 |
| 1–3 times a month | 13.8 | 13.8 | 12.9 | |||
| 1–6 times a week | 50.8 | 51.4 | 41.2 | |||
| Once a day | 21.1 | 21.1 | 21.7 | |||
| More than twice a day | 11.6 | 11.0 | 21.1 | |||
| Eating breakfast | None a week | 17.1 | 16.0 | 34.1 | 531.40 | <0.001 |
| 1–2 times a week | 12.7 | 12.7 | 13.0 | |||
| 3–4 times a week | 15.1 | 15.4 | 11.0 | |||
| 5–7 times a week | 55.1 | 55.9 | 41.9 | |||
| Sleep | 0–5 h a day | 12.7 | 12.5 | 16.0 | ||
| 6–8 h a day | 80.9 | 81.0 | 78.7 | 27.59 | 0.169 | |
| 9 h or more a day | 6.4 | 6.5 | 5.3 |
Note. The missing data was less than 5% and non-responses were excluded from the analysis. All percentages presented here were weighted using a complex sample design.