Table 1.
Summary of reviewed results.
| Authors | Subject of Study | Dose of Vildagliptin | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al. (2016) [13] | LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells |
varied at every stage of the experiment |
↓iNOS, ↓ NF-κB, ↓pJNK, ↓TLR-2, ↓TLR-4, |
| Dei et al. (2017) [14] | rBMVECs | 2.5–5 mg/day for 4–12 months | ↓ SDF-1α ↓ EPC |
| Zhang et al. (2018) [15] | HAECs | 5 and 10 μM for 24–72 h. | ↓ LDH, ↓ ROS, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-8, ↓ICAM-1, ↓MCP-1, ↓TLR-4, ↓NF-κB |
| Qi et al. (2019) [16] | HUVECs | 2.5 and 5 μM for 24h | ↓ LDH, ↓ NAPHD, ↓AMPK, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-18, ↑eNOS, ↑GSH |
| Liu et al. (2019) [17] | HUVECs and diabetic mice | varied at every stage of the experiment |
↓mtROS, ↑ATP, ↓Drp1 |
| Seo al. (2019) [18] | rabbit aortic rings | varied at every stage of the experiment |
↑VD |
| Oeseburg et al. (2010) [19] | HUVECs and diabetic fatty rats | varied at every stage of the experiment |
↑cAMP, ↑PKA, ↑CREB, ↑HO-1 |
| Terasaki et al. (2012 and 2013) [20,21] | Diabetic Apoe (–/–) mice | varied at every stage of the experiment |
↓MFCF |
| Khan et al. (2015) [22] | STZ-induced diabetic rats | 10 or 20 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks | ↓ TLC, ↓ TGL,↓ CRP ↓TNF-α, ↑aPTT, ↑NO |
| Jain et al. (2015) [23] | diabetic rats | varied at every stage of the experiment |
↑NO, ↑EDR, ↓ROS, ↓MPO, ↑GSH |
| Koyama et al. (2016) [24] | rabbits | 10 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks | ↑eNOS, ↑VGIH |
| Zhang et al. (2018) [25] | diabetic rats | 10 or 20 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks | ↓ TCL, ↓ ED, ↓Angptl3, ↓Bhmt,↓ Pon1 |
| Ji et al. (2019) [26] | diabetic mice | 35 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks | ↓ ERS, ↓ NF-κB, |
| van Poppel et al. (2011) [27] | DM2 patients | 50 mg /day for 4 weeks | ↑EDR |
| Noguchi et al. (2015) [28] | normoglycemic patients | 50 mg once | ↓ TGL, ↓EDs |
| Tani et al. (2015) [29] | DM2 patients | 50 mg/day for 8 weeks | ↓ PAI-1 |
| Evans et al. (2016) [30] | DM2 patients | 50 mg once or twice/day for 24 weeks |
↓SBP, ↓ DBP, ↓TGL, ↓VLDL,↓LDL, ↑HDL |
| Duvnjak et al. (2016) [31] | DM2 patients | 100 mg/day for 12 weeks | ↓TLC,↓LDL, ↓hsCRP, ↓AS, ↓CBP |
| Park et al. (2017) [32] | DM2 patients | 1 mg/twice a day for 12 weeks | ↓SDF-1α |
| Younis et al. (2017) [33] | patients with DM2 and CAD | Metformin + vildagliptin 25 or 50 mg/day | ↓ IL-1β, ↓hsCRP |
| El-Naggar et al. (2019) [34] | DM2 patients with hypertension | 50 mg/twice a day + 25 mg/day captopril for 24 weeks | ↓BP,↓VEGF |
Note: ↓ = reduction, ↑ = increase, p- = phosphorylation, LPS = Lipopolysaccharides, iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase, NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, JNK = c-Jun N-terminal kinase, TLR2 = Toll-like receptor 2, TLR4 = Toll-like receptor 4, rBMVECs = rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, SDF-1α = stromal cell-derived factor 1α, EPC – endothelial progenitor cells, HAECs = Human aortic endothelial cells, LDH = lactate dehydrogenase, ROS = reactive oxygen species, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor α, IL-8 = Interleukin 8, ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule 1, MCP-1 = Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, HUVECs = Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, NADPH = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, AMPK = 5’AMP-activated protein kinase, IL-1β = Interleukin 1 beta, IL-18 = Interleukin 18, eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase, GSH = glutathione, mtROS –mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, ATP = adenosine triphosphate, Drp1 = Dynamin related protein 1, VD = vascular dilatation, cAMP = 3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, PKA = protein kinase A, CREB = cAMP response element-binding protein, HO-1 = Heme oxygenase 1, MFCF = macrophages foam cells formation, STZ = streptozocin, TLC = total cholesterol level, TGC = triglycerides, CRP = C-reactive protein, aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time, NO = nitric oxide, EDR = endothelial-dependent relaxation, MPO = myeloperoxidase, VGIH – vein intimal grafts hyperplasia, ED = endothelium dilatation, Angptl3 = Angiopoietin-like 3, Bhmt = betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, Pon1 = paraoxonase 1, ERS = endoplasmic reticulum stress, DM2- diabetes mellitus type 2, EDs = endothelial dysfunction, PAI-1 = plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, VLDL = very low density lipoprotein, LDL = low density lipoprotein, HDL = high density lipoprotein, hs CRP = high specific C-reactive protein, AS = arterial stiffness, CBP = central blood pressure, SDF-1α = stromal cell-derived factor 1, CAD = coronary artery disease, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.