Table 3.

Common and unique molecular functions of progesterone and testosterone structurally related progestins in the absence or presence of E₂.

	Progestins vs. Vh & Predicted Activation		Progestins + E2 vs. Vh & Predicted Activation		E2 vs. Vh & Predicted Activation
	Molecular functions	z ≥ 2	Molecular functions	z ≥ 2	Molecular functions	z ≥ 2
P4	Angiogenesis	↓	Cell movement of epithelial cell lines	↓	Colony formation	↓
	Binding of endothelial cells	↓	Cell movement of tumor cell lines	↓	Proliferation of smooth muscle cells	↓
	Cell viability	↓	Chemotaxis	↓	Inflammatory response	↓
	Cell viability of tumor cell lines +	↓	Colony formation of tumor cells	↓	Cell movement of blood cells	↓
	Endothelial cell development	↓	Cytostasis of tumor cell lines	↓	Cell movement of endothelial cells	↓
	Proliferation of endothelial cells	↓	Differentiation of fibroblasts ++	↓	Migration of endothelial cells	↓
	Secretion of lipid	↑	Formation of skin	↓	Leukocyte migration	↓
			Growth of connective tissue ++	↓	Response of tumor cell lines	↓
			Homing of cells	↓	Quantity of Ca2 +	↓
			Import of D-glucose	↑
			Internalization of carbohydrate	↑
			Invasion of cells ++	↓
			Invasion of tumor cell lines ++	↓
			Migration of breast cancer cell lines ++	↓
			Migration of cells	↓
			Migration of colorectal cancer cell lines	↓
			Migration of tumor cell lines ++	↓
			Proliferation of connective tissue cells	↓
			Proliferation of lung cancer cell lines	↓
			Proliferation of smooth muscle cells	↓
			Transcription	↓
MPA	Cell viability of tumor cell lines +	↓	Cell movement of carcinoma cell lines	↓
	Differentiation of fibroblasts	↓	Cell movement of sarcoma cell lines	↓
	Growth of tumor	↓	Colony formation	↓
	Import of D-glucose	↑	Colony formation of cells	↓
	Migration of sarcoma cell lines	↓	Differentiation of fibroblasts ++	↓
	Migration of tumor cells	↑	Growth of connective tissue ++	↓
	Non-melanoma solid tumor	↓	Invasion of cells ++	↓
	Sphere formation of tumor cell lines	↓	Invasion of tumor cell lines ++	↓
			Migration of breast cancer cell lines ++	↓
			Migration of sarcoma cell lines	↓
			Migration of tumor cell lines ++	↓
			Sphere formation of tumor cell lines	↓
LNG	Adhesion of lymphoma cell lines	↓	Activation of DNA endogenous promoter	↓
	Apoptosis	↑	Apoptosis	↑
	Binding of lymphoma cell lines *	↓	Binding of lymphoma cell lines **	↓
	Cell death	↑	Cell death **	↑
	Cell death of tumor cell lines	↑	Cell death of tumor cell lines	↑
	Cell movement of carcinoma cell lines *	↓	Cell movement of carcinoma cell lines **	↓
	Cell movement of epithelial cell lines *	↓	Cell movement of sarcoma cell lines **	↓
	Cell movement of sarcoma cell lines *	↓	Cell movement of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Cell movement of tumor cell lines *	↓	Cell proliferation of carcinoma cell lines **	↓
	Cell proliferation of carcinoma cell lines *	↓	Cell viability of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Cell viability of tumor cell lines *	↓	Chemotaxis **	↓
	Chemotaxis *	↓	Colony formation **	↓
	Colony formation *	↓	Colony formation of cells **	↓
	Colony formation of cells *	↓	Colony formation of tumor cells **	↓
	Colony formation of tumor cell lines	↓	Differentiation of fibroblasts **	↓
	Colony formation of tumor cells *	↓	Growth of connective tissue **	↓
	Differentiation of fibroblasts *	↓	Growth of malignant tumor **	↓
	Growth of connective tissue *	↓	Growth of tumor **	↓
	Growth of malignant tumor *	↓	Homing of cells **	↓
	Growth of tumor *	↓	Invasion of cells **	↓
	Homing of cells *	↓	Invasion of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Invasion of cells *	↓	Microtubule dynamics	↓
	Invasion of tumor cell lines *	↓	Migration of breast cancer cell lines **	↓
	Migration of breast cancer cell lines *	↓	Migration of cells **	↓
	Migration of cells *	↓	Migration of sarcoma cell lines **	↓
	Migration of colorectal cancer cell lines	↓	Migration of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Migration of prostate cancer cell lines *	↓	Necrosis **	↑
	Migration of sarcoma cell lines *	↓	Organization of cytoplasm	↓
	Migration of tumor cell lines *	↓	Organization of cytoskeleton	↓
	Necrosis	↑	Proliferation of connective tissue cells **	↓
	Phosphorylation of L-tyrosine	↓	Proliferation of lung cancer cell lines	↓
	Proliferation of cancer cells	↓	Proliferation of smooth muscle cells	↓
	Proliferation of connective tissue cells *	↓	↓	↓
	Proliferation of smooth muscle cells *	↓	Sphere formation of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Proliferation of tumor cells *	↓	Transcription	↓
	Rearrangement of cytoskeleton *	↓	Transcription of RNA	↓
	Sphere formation of tumor cell lines *	↓
NETA	Binding of lymphoma cell lines *	↓	Adhesion of lymphoma cell lines	↓
	Cell movement of carcinoma cell lines *	↓	Binding of lymphoma cell lines **	↓
	Cell movement of epithelial cell lines *	↓	Cell death **	↑
	Cell movement of muscle cells	↓	Cell movement of carcinoma cell lines **	↓
	Cell movement of sarcoma cell lines *	↓	Cell movement of epithelial cell lines	↓
	Cell movement of smooth muscle cells	↓	Cell movement of sarcoma cell lines **	↓
	Cell movement of tumor cell lines *	↓	Cell movement of smooth muscle cells	↓
	Cell proliferation of carcinoma cell lines *	↓	Cell movement of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Cell survival	↓	Cell proliferation of carcinoma cell lines **	↓
	Cell viability	↓	Cell viability of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Cell viability of tumor cell lines *	↓	Chemotaxis **	↓
	Chemotaxis *	↓	Colony formation **	↓
	Colony formation *	↓	Colony formation of cells **	↓
	Colony formation of cells *	↓	Colony formation of tumor cell lines	↓
	Colony formation of tumor cells *	↓	Colony formation of tumor cells **	↓
	Cytostasis of tumor cell lines	↓	Differentiation of fibroblasts **	↓
	Differentiation of fibroblasts *	↓	Growth of connective tissue **	↓
	Growth of connective tissue *	↓	Growth of malignant tumor **	↓
	Growth of malignant tumor *	↓	Growth of tumor **	↓
	Growth of tumor *	↓	Homing of cells **	↓
	Homing of cells *	↓	Invasion of cells **	↓
	Import of D-glucose	↑	Invasion of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Invasion of cells *	↓	Migration of breast cancer cell lines **	↓
	Invasion of tumor cell lines *	↓	Migration of cells **	↓
	Microtubule dynamics	↓	Migration of sarcoma cell lines **	↓
	Migration of breast cancer cell lines *	↓	Migration of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Migration of carcinoma cell lines	↓	Necrosis **	↑
	Migration of cells *	↓	Proliferation of cancer cells	↓
	Migration of prostate cancer cell lines *	↓	Proliferation of connective tissue cells **	↓
	Migration of sarcoma cell lines *	↓	Proliferation of tumor cells **	↓
	Migration of smooth muscle cells	↓	Sphere formation of tumor cell lines **	↓
	Migration of tumor cell lines *	↓
	Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells	↓
	Proliferation of connective tissue cells *	↓
	Proliferation of lung cancer cell lines	↓
	Proliferation of smooth muscle cells *	↓
	Proliferation of tumor cells *	↓
	Rearrangement of cytoskeleton *	↓
	Sphere formation of tumor cell lines *	↓
	Transcription	↓
	Transcription of RNA	↓

E₂: estradiol; P₄: progesterone; MPA: medroxyprogesterone acetate; LNG: levonorgestrel; NETA: norethindrone acetate; Vh: vehicle; ↓, Decreased; ↑, Increased; +: Common between P4 and MPA; *: Common between LNG and NETA; ++: Common between P4+E2 and MPA+E2; **: Common between LNG+E2 and NETA+E2; Bold: Common in each progestin without or with E2.