Table 2.

Children’s perceptions of physical activity parenting and the associated motivational outcomes.

Theoretical Framework of Parenting		Children’s Perceptions	Associated Motivational Outcomes
Higher-Order Dimension	Lower-Order Dimension	Physical Activity Parenting Practice	Psychological Need and Description of the Need (Dis)Satisfaction	Supported Motivational Regulation Style for PA
High responsiveness, low demandingness	Autonomy support	Supporting children’s independence in physically active play and mobility	Autonomy: support and trust for self-determined PA	Autonomous
		Encouraging and praising for PA	Autonomy: unconditional approval and encouragement for PA	Autonomous
	Involvement	Listening to and asking about children’s PA interests and respecting their lack of motivation for PA	Relatedness: receiving attention and unconditional support	Autonomous
		Comforting a competition-oriented child after disappointment	Autonomy: feeling parental comfort as intrusive and controlling the feelings of sadness	Controlled
	Structure	Co-participation in PA with children	Relatedness: perceptions of togetherness with family members in PA or sports	Autonomous
		Providing opportunities for participation in organized sports	Competence: experiences of proficiency or performing sports just for duty	Autonomous
			Autonomy: support for quitting or changing hobby	Autonomous
High responsiveness, high demandingness	Structure	Providing expectations and facilitating physical activity via co-participation in PA and consideration of children’s interests	Competence: persuaded for being physically active and pleased for it	Autonomous
Low responsiveness, high demandingness	Coercive control	Forceful assertion and pressure for performing PA or sports	Autonomy: involuntary PA or sports	Controlled
		Overt, public, and competition-oriented encouragement and praise	Autonomy: interrupted, embarrassed, or shamed in PA	Controlled
		Setting other interests ahead of children’s PA interests	Autonomy: forbidden PA or involuntary PA	Controlled
Low responsiveness, low demandingness	Lack of structure	Lax screen parenting and own screen use alongside children’s screen use	Competence: lack of structure for PA	Non-regulation

Note. PA = physical activity.