Table 1.

Basic characteristics of 1654 subjects.

Characteristics	Total	Male	Female	p Value
Total	1654	647 (39.1%)	1007 (60.9%)
Age (year)	49.9 ± 1.5	49.9±1.5	49.9 ± 1.5	0.9347
Insulin resistance				0.0950
No	1189 (71.9%)	480 (74.2%)	709 (70.4%)
Yes	465 (28.1%)	167 (25.8%)	298 (29.6%)
Impaired insulin release				0.0050
No	1179 (71.3%)	436 (67.4%)	743 (73.8%)
Yes	475 (28.7%)	211 (32.6%)	264 (26.2%)
Education level				<0.0001
Illiterate or primary school	563 (34%)	140 (21.6%)	423 (42.0%)
Middle school	723 (43.7%)	327 (50.5%)	396 (39.3%)
Senior school	368 (22.2%)	180 (27.8%)	188 (18.7%)
Economic status				0.7453
Low	839 (52.7%)	324 (52.1%)	515 (53.1%)
Middle	633 (39.8%)	254 (40.8%)	379 (39.1%)
High	119 (7.5%)	44 (7.1%)	75 (7.7%)
Smoking				<0.0001
No	1164 (70.5%)	204 (31.6%)	960 (95.4%)
Yes	487 (29.5%)	441 (68.4%)	46 (4.6%)
Drinking				<0.0001
Yes	1121 (67.9%)	250 (38.7%)	871 (86.6%)
No	531 (32.1%)	396 (61.3%)	135 (13.4%)
Whole cereal and beans intake levels				0.0171
Low	1080 (86.5%)	425 (88%)	655 (85.5%)
Medium	133 (10.6%)	39 (8.1%)	94 (12.3%)
High	36 (2.9%)	19 (3.9%)	17 (2.2%)
Livestock and poultry intake levels				0.0003
Low	517 (41.4%)	184 (38.1%)	333 (43.5%)
Medium	284 (22.7%)	93 (19.3%)	191 (24.9%)
High	448 (35.9%)	206 (42.7%)	242 (31.6%)
BMI (kg/m2)	24.3 ± 3.4	24.0 ± 3.4	24.5 ± 3.4	0.002
Waist circumference (cm)	82.2 ± 10.0	83.7 ± 10.4	81.3 ± 9.6	<0.0001
Exercise				0.0409
No	1500 (91.4%)	600 (93.2%)	900 (90.3%)
Yes	141 (8.6%)	44 (6.8%)	97 (9.7%)
Sedentary time (h/d)	2.7 ± 1.5	2.6 ± 1.4	2.7 ± 1.6	0.6235

Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD, and categories variables were presented as N (%).