Figure 1.

Pathomechanisms and biomarkers related to depression-linked increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; IL, interleukin; HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; PNS, parasympathetic nervous system; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; HRV, heart rate variability; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; PWA, pulse-wave amplitude; PAT, peripheral arterial tonometry; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; VWF, von Willebrand factor.