Table 3.
Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review.
| Study |
Population | Age Mean (SD) or IQR | Sex (%F) |
Outcomes | MBI Program | Controls | Follow Up (M) |
Results | Definition of Psychiatric Disorders |
Sd | In |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zgierska | Alcohol | 38.4 (8.6) | 52.6 | IL-6, cortisol | MM | None | 4 | IL-6 levels decreased from baseline to 16-week follow-up (p = | DSM-IV | Open | + |
| 2008 [70] | dependence | serum, salivary | (n = 19) | 0.052). | + | ||||||
| US | 8 weeks | There were no significant changes in salivary cortisol levels | + | ||||||||
| from baseline to 16-week follow-up. | |||||||||||
| Gex-Fabry | Remitted from | 24–66 | 71.4 | cortisol | MBCT + TAU | TAU | 12 | No significant changes in cortisol indices from baseline to the | DSM-IV | RCT | + |
| 2012 [65] | recurrent MDD | salivary | (n = 28) | (n = 28) | end of intervention were observed between both groups. | MADRS ≤13 | + | ||||
| Switzerland | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | + | ||||||||
| Schoenberg | ADHD | 19–53 | 52.3 | ERP | MBCT | WL | No | In the MBCT group, there was a significant increase in Pe and | DSM-IV | RCT | ? |
| 2014 [66] | (n = 24) | (n = 20) | NoGo-P3 amplitudes (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02, respectively). | + | |||||||
| Netherlands | 12 weeks | - | |||||||||
| Black | Sleep | 66.3 (7.4) | 67.3 | NF-kB | MAPs | Education | No | There was a significant reduction overtime in the levels of NF- | PSQI ≥5 | RCT | - |
| 2015 [67] | disturbance | plasma | (n = 24) | (n = 25) | kB in both groups (p = 0.26). | + | |||||
| US | 6 weeks | 6 weeks | No significant difference in NF-kB concentrations was observed | - | |||||||
| between the groups. | |||||||||||
| Eisendrath | MDD | 34.9 (7.9) | 72.7 | CRP | MBCT | None | No | There was not significantly decrease in CRP levels from pre- to | SCID DSM-IV | Open | ? |
| 2016 [71] | serum | (n = 11) | post-intervention (p = 0.0517). | HAMD17 | + | ||||||
| US | 8 weeks | - | |||||||||
| Walsh | Depressive | 19.1 (0.1) | 100 | IL-6, TNF-α | Mindfulness | Contact | 3 | Mindfulness training predicted significant decreases in the | CES-D ≥ 16 | RCT | + |
| 2016 [68] | symptoms | salivary | (n = 31) | Control | levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). | + | |||||
| US | 4 weeks | (n = 33)4 weeks | - | ||||||||
| Memon | MDD, AD or SD | 41.5 (11.0) | 87.3 | IL-6, IL-8, EGF, | Mindfulness | TAU (CBT) | No | EGF levels were significantly decreased from baseline to post- | ICD-10 | RCT | - |
| 2017 [23] | and adjustment | hsCRP | (n = 81) | (n = 85) | intervention in both groups (p < 0.001, both). | PHQ-9 ≥10 or | + | ||||
| Sweden | disorders | plasma | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | No significant changes in the levels of IL-8 and hsCRP from | HADS-D ≥7 | - | ||||
| baseline to post-intervention were found in both groups. | or HADS-A ≥7 | ||||||||||
| or 13≤ MADRS ≤34 | |||||||||||
| Wang | MDD, AD or SD | Pt: | Pt: | LTL | Mindfulness | TAU (CBT) | No | At baseline, telomere length was significantly shorter in the | ICD-10 | RCT | - |
| 2017 [69] | and adjustment | 41.9 (11.1) | 87.8 | (n = 88) | (n = 89) | patients compared to the controls (p = 0.006). | PHQ-9 ≥10 or | + | |||
| Sweden | disorders | Ct: | Ct: | 8weeks | 8weeks | There were no significant changes in the telomere length from | HADS-D ≥7 | - | |||
| 44.6 (12.5) | 38.4 | HCs | baseline to post-intervention in both the Mindfulness and the | or HADS-A ≥7 | |||||||
| (n = 320) | TAU groups, and was no significant difference between the | or 13≤ MADRS ≤34 | |||||||||
| groups. | |||||||||||
| Bishop | PTSD | Res: | Res: | SLC6A4 | MBSR | None | No | There was a significant time x responder group interaction for | DSM-IV | Open | + |
| 2018 [72] | 60.4 (14.5) | 18.0 | FKBP5 | (Res: n = 11) | methylation in FKBP5 intron 7 bin 2 (p = 0.013). | PCL, CAPS | + | ||||
| US | Non-Res: | Non-Res: | (Non-Res: n = 11) | A significant correlation between FKBP5 intron 7 bin 2 | + | ||||||
| 58.2 (10.2) | 18.0 | 9 weeks | methylation change and PCL change from before to after | ||||||||
| treatment was observed (r = −0.451, p = 0.04). | |||||||||||
| There was no effect of time for methylation changing in the | |||||||||||
| Primary component of SLC6A4. | |||||||||||
| Hoge | GAD | 39.2 (12.8) | 45.7 | cortisol, ACTH, IL-6 | MBSR | Education | No | MBSR group showed a greater reduction in ACTH, TNF-α and | SCID DSM-IV | RCT | + |
| 2018 [26] | TNF-α during TSST | (n = 42) | (n = 28) | IL-6 Area Under the Curve (AUC) concentrations compared to | + | ||||||
| US | plasma | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | control group (p =0.007, p = 0.033, p = 0.036, respectively). | + |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; F, female; MBI, mindfulness-based intervention; M, month; Sd, study design; In, intervention quality (Chambless, 1998): low (-) / high ( + ) / unclear (?), from top to down: the study referred to the use of a treatment manual; the therapists who conducted the therapy were trained; treatment integrity was checked during the study; US, United States; IL, interleukin; MM, mindfulness meditation; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition; MDD, major depressive disorder; MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; TAU, treatment as usual; MADRS, Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; RCT, randomised controlled trial; ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; ERP, event-related potential; WL, wait-list; Pe, error-positivity; NF, nuclear factor; MAPs, mindful awareness practices; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CRP, C-reactive protein; SCID, structured clinical interview for DSM-IV; HAMD17, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; AD, anxiety disorder; SD, stress disorder; EGF, epidermal growth factor; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; Pt, patients; Ct, controls; LTL, Leukocyte telomere length; HCs, healthy controls; PTSD, Post-traumatic stress disorder; Res, responders; PCL, PTSD Checklist; CAPS, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; TSST, Trier Social Stress Test; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction.