Table 2.
In vitro studies: mancozeb exposure and reproductive outcomes. Confidence ratings in the body of evidence ratings: High Confidence (++++) in the association between mancozeb exposure and female reproductive outcomes. The true effect is highly likely to be reflected in the apparent relationship. Moderate Confidence (+++) in the association between mancozeb exposure and female reproductive outcomes. The true effect may be reflected in the apparent relationship. Low Confidence (++) in the association between mancozeb exposure and female reproductive outcomes. The true effect may be different from the apparent relationship. Very Low Confidence (+) in the association between mancozeb exposure and female reproductive outcomes. The true effect is highly likely to be different from the apparent relationship.
| Author (Year) |
Type of Cell/Tissue | Compound (Daily Dose) |
Incubation | Outcomes | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fejes et al. (2002) | 288 chicken embryos |
80% mancozeb containing formulation (dithane M-45) |
19 days | No toxic effect on embryos. Increased mortality in embryos in combination mixtures. |
++ |
|
Greenlee et al.
(2004) |
Mice embryos | Low-doses of agrochemicals mancozeb (0.003 µg/mL) |
96 h | Reduced development of mouse blastocysts. Increased apoptosis during blastocyst formation |
+++ |
|
Abdoon et al.
(2011) |
Buffalo oocytes | Mancozeb (1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 µg/mL) |
24 h | In vitro maturation: mancozeb affects cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation. Dose-dependent oocyte degeneration. Fragmented cytoplasm and broken zona pellucida. In vitro fertilization: lower embryo development to morula and blastocyst stage. Fragmented and degenerated cytoplasm in all the exposed embryos. |
+++ |
|
Paro et al.
(2012) |
Mouse granulosa cells | Increasing concentrations of mancozeb (0.001–1 µg/mL) | 1, 24, and 36 h | Mouse: morphology changes; migration pattern; p53 reduced expression; no changes in apoptosis. Human: morphology changes; p53 reduced expression. |
++++ |
|
Iorio et al.
(2015) |
Mouse granulosa cells | Mancozeb (0.01 µg/mL) |
36 h | p53 reduced expression. Depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential. Decreased ATP levels. Decreased glutathione levels (GSH). Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). |
++++ |
|
Palmerini et al.
(2018) |
Mouse granulosa cells | Increasing concentrations of mancozeb (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg/mL) | 36 h | Dose-dependent toxicity of mancozeb on mouse granulosa cells. | ++++ |
|
Atmaca et al.
(2018) |
Bovine luteal cells | Mancozeb (0.01, 0.1, and 1 µM) |
4 days | Mancozeb exposure (1 µM) induces a significant decline (day 3 and 5) in steroidogenesis, compared to controls. | +++ |