Table 5.
Adjusted Hazard Ratios of Mortality Among Patients with Schizophrenic Disorders Based on the Elixhauser Comorbidities.
| Elixhauser Comorbidities | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis # | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95%CI | aHR | 95%CI | |
| Congestive heart failure | 7.38 | 6.28–8.67 *** | 2.82 | 2.40–3.32 *** |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 2.40 | 2.03–2.84 *** | 1.75 | 1.48–2.07 *** |
| Valvular disease | 1.86 | 1.49–2.31 *** | 1.85 | 1.48–2.30 *** |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 8.09 | 4.79–13.67 *** | 5.66 | 3.35–9.56 *** |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 2.75 | 1.82–4.13 *** | 1.19 | 0.78–1.79 |
| Hypertension | 3.02 | 2.83–3.23 *** | 1.48 | 1.38–1.59 *** |
| Paralysis | 2.70 | 2.08–3.51 *** | 2.12 | 1.63–2.75 *** |
| Neurodegenerative disorders | 1.98 | 1.77–2.21 *** | 1.56 | 1.40–1.74 *** |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 2.53 | 2.30–2.78 *** | 1.59 | 1.44–1.75 *** |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 3.11 | 2.87–3.38 *** | 1.85 | 1.70–2.01 *** |
| Diabetes, complicated | 3.77 | 3.37–4.21 *** | 2.18 | 1.95–2.44 *** |
| Hypothyroidism | 1.23 | 0.84–1.81 | 1.08 | 0.73–1.58 |
| Renal failure | 7.13 | 5.68–8.94 *** | 3.89 | 3.10–4.88 *** |
| Liver disease | 2.26 | 2.05–2.48 *** | 1.88 | 1.71–2.07 *** |
| Peptic ulcer disease excluding bleeding | 1.76 | 1.37–2.26 *** | 1.24 | 0.96–1.59 |
| AIDS/HIV | - | - | - | - |
| Lymphoma | 1.64 | 0.53–5.08 | 1.21 | 0.39–3.75 |
| Metastatic cancer | 11.33 | 7.52–17.06 *** | 6.49 | 4.31–9.78 *** |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 4.39 | 3.66–5.26 *** | 3.29 | 2.74–3.94 *** |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 1.35 | 1.02–1.80 * | 1.10 | 0.83–1.47 |
| Coagulopathy | 2.92 | 1.89–4.53 *** | 2.65 | 1.71–4.11 *** |
| Obesity | 1.21 | 0.69–2.14 | 1.44 | 0.82–2.54 |
| Weight loss | 2.17 | 1.76–2.68 *** | 1.63 | 1.32–2.01 *** |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 3.14 | 2.77–3.56 *** | 2.04 | 1.80–2.31 *** |
| Blood loss anemia | 1.65 | 0.98–2.79 | 1.51 | 0.89–2.55 |
| Deficiency anemia | 2.15 | 1.91–2.42 *** | 1.66 | 1.47–1.87 *** |
| Alcohol abuse | 2.23 | 2.02–2.46 *** | 2.05 | 1.86–2.27 *** |
| Drug abuse | 1.15 | 0.99–1.33 | 1.67 | 1.44–1.93 *** |
| Psychoses | - | - | - | - |
| Depression | 1.06 | 0.97x1.15 | 1.17 | 1.07–1.28 ** |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, aHR = adjusted hazard ratio, AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus. # Adjusted for the patient’s age, gender, socioeconomic status, geographic regions, and teaching level of hospital.