Modulation of inflammatory (HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1) and other markers (BDNF, CREB-1, and NPY). Expression level of inflammatory (HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1) and other markers (BDNF, CREB-1, and NPY) in the brain as determined by real time-PCR. The genes included are (A) HMGB1, (B) TLR4, (C) NF-κB, (D) TNF-α, (E) IL-1, (F) BDNF, (G) CREB-1, and (H) NPY. All changes in the expression levels were compared to the repeated dose of pilocarpine (pilocarpine 400 mg/kg). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6 and statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.