Table 1.
“In vitro” and “in vivo” studies showing the effects and the suggested mechanisms of polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives in breast cancer.
| Cell Lines Animal Model | Compounds | Mechanisms | Findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCF-7 | N-acyl dopamines | CB1 receptor | Anti-proliferative effects | [24] |
| MCF-7/ADR doxorubicin-resistant | EPADI | P-Glycoprotein | Sensitize cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin | [25] |
| MDA-MB-231 | Propofol-DHA propofol-EPA |
Unknown | Cell migration inhibition, apoptosis | [26] |
| MCF-7/Topo | TQ-Fatty Acid Conjugates | Unknown | Anti-proliferative effects | [27] |
| MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 AU565 MDA-MB-361 |
PP-DHA DIPP-DHA IPP-DHA CHP–DHA P–DHA |
HDAC activity | Growth inhibition | [28] |
| MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 |
DHEA EPEA |
Endogenous enzymes | Synthesis from parental DHA and EPA | [29] |
| MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 |
DOX–LNA | Endocytic transport | Improvement of DOX-LNA uptake and cytotoxicity | [30] |
| MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts SCID mice | DOX–LNA | Endocytic transport | Tumor growth inhibition | [31] |
| MCF-7 | DHEA EPEA |
PPARγ signaling | Growth inhibition, autophagy | [22] |
| MDA-MB-231 MDA-MB-468 |
LOV–DHA | Unknown | Growth inhibition, apoptosis | [32] |
| MCF-7 MCF-7 bearing-nude mice |
DHA-GEM | Endocytic transport | Cytotoxicity, tumor growth inhibition | [33] |
| MCF-7 SKBR3 MDA-MB-231 |
DHADA EPADA |
PPARγ signaling | Autophagy, apoptosis | [23] |
| MCF-7 SKBR-3 T47D MCF-10F trMCF bsMCF MDA-MB-231 BT-549 |
4-OH-DHA, 4-OXO-DHA | Unknown | Anti-proliferative effects | [34] |
| MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts Balb/c nu/nu mice | ClFPh-CHA-loaded nano-emulsion |
Bioavailability | Tumor growth inhibition | [35] |
| MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 |
DHEA EPEA |
CB receptors, p38-MAPK, JNK, ERK signaling pathways | Anti-proliferative effects, migration, and invasion inhibition | [36] |
CHP–DHA: 2-cyclohexanephenol-docosahexaenoate; ClFPh-CHA: n−3 17,18-epoxyeicosanoic acid analogue; CB: cannabinoid receptor; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DHADA: DHA-dopamine (DA); DHA-GEM: gemcitabine-DHA; DHEA: docosahexaenoylethanolamine; DIPP–DHA: 2,4-diisopropylphenol-docosahexaenoate; DOX–LNA: doxorubicin-α-linolenic acid; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; EPADA: EPA-dopamine (DA); EPEA: eicosapentaenoylethanolamine; EPADI; eicosapentaenoic acid diester; FAAH: fatty acid amide hydrolase; IPP–DHA: 2-isopropylphenol–docosahexaenoate; LOV–DHA: lovastatin–docosahexaenoate; PE: phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; P–DHA: phenol–docosahexaenoate; PP–DHA: 2,6-diisopropylphenol–docosahexaenoate; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TQ: thymoquinone.