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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The MC3T3-E1cell morphology after 24 h of adhesion upon (a) MAO coatings and (b) the hierarchical structures fabricated using hydrothermal treatment at 175 °C for 2 h (sample T175_2H_S). (c,d) were the enlarged images of (a,b).