Table 5.
Associations of mothers’ socio-economic status indicators, presence of a domestic helper and household activities undertaken by other non-residents/extended family members with household activities undertaken by spouses and mothers a (Steps 2 and 3 of mediation analysis).
| Spouse | Mother | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Active Household Activities | Tutoring Children (ref: No) | Playing with Children (ref: No) | No. of Active Household Activities | Tutoring Children (ref: No) | Playing with Children (ref: No) | |||||||
| eb (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | eb (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Presence of domestic helper (ref: none) | ||||||||||||
| Non-resident | 0.70 (0.56,0.87) | 0.001 | 1.11 (0.53,2.33) | 0.776 | 1.26 (0.64,2.46) | 0.503 | 0.84 (0.73,0.96) | 0.012 | 0.56 (0.09,3.58) | 0.539 | 1.77 (0.52,5.98) | 0.358 |
| Resident | 0.96 (0.74,1.24) | 0.740 | 1.33 (0.60,2.94) | 0.481 | 1.50 (0.73,3.09) | 0.271 | 0.87 (0.78,0.99) | 0.027 | 1.44 (1.08,19.3) | 0.781 | 2.34 (0.57,9.58) | 0.239 |
| Education | 1.13 (1.04,1.22) | 0.002 | 1.40 (1.11,1.76) | 0.004 | 1.28 (1.05,1.57) | 0.017 | 0.96 (0.94,0.99) | 0.010 | 1.01 (0.54,1.89) | 0.985 | 1.14 (0.76,1.70) | 0.536 |
| Employment (ref: none) | ||||||||||||
| Part time | 0.73 (0.51,1.07) | 0.104 | 0.41 (0.15,1.17) | 0.097 | 0.39 (0.16,0.92) | 0.031 | 0.99 (0.88,1.12) | 0.885 | NA ( 0 count in a cell) | 1.07 (0.25,4.57) | 0.927 | |
| Full time | 1.25 (0.99,1.57) | 0.058 | 1.73 (0.92,3.23) | 0.087 | 1.17 (0.67,2.04) | 0.586 | 0.82 (0.76,0.89) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.06,2.32) | 0.282 | 0.51 (0.18,1.45) | 0.208 |
| Income | 0.98 (0.94,1.02) | 0.330 | 0.94 (0.80,1.10) | 0.422 | 0.95 (0.83,1.09) | 0.462 | 0.98 (0.96,1.00) | 0.018 | 1.18 (0.81,1.72) | 0.392 | 1.02 (0.81,1.28) | 0.877 |
| Enjoy PA | 1.00 (0.90,1.10) | 0.922 | 0.89 (0.66,1.21) | 0.471 | 0.83 (0.63,1.09) | 0.182 | 1.02 (0.98,1.07) | 0.285 | 0.67 (0.27,1.64) | 0.379 | 1.24 (0.77,1.99) | 0.370 |
| ONR/EF | ||||||||||||
| No. of active household activities | 0.98 (0.89,1.07) | 0.592 | 0.95 (0.77,1.17) | 0.605 | 1.01 (0.83,1.22) | 0.952 | 0.98 (0.95,1.00) | 0.060 | 1.14 (0.74,1.74) | 0.552 | 1.37 (0.95,1.97) | 0.091 |
| Play with child (ref: no) | 1.23 (1.01,1.51) | 0.043 | 3.63 (1.08,12.2) | 0.037 | 1.45 (0.53,3.93) | 0.471 | 0.99 (0.88,1.11) | 0.813 | 3.24 (0.32,32.8) | 0.321 | 0.16 (0.04,0.68) | 0.013 |
| Tutor child (ref: no) | 1.31 (0.88,1.94) | 0.180 | 1.58 (0.33,7.69) | 0.569 | 2.94 (0.66,13.0) | 0.156 | 1.23 (1.07,1.41) | 0.004 | 0.03 (0.00,0.67) | 0.027 | 2.28 (0.33,15.8) | 0.404 |
| Spouse | ||||||||||||
| No. of active household activities | 1.05 (1.02,1.07) | <0.001 | 1.29 (0.82,2.04) | 0.278 | 1.98 (1.41,2.80) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Play with child (ref: no) | 0.97 (0.85,1.10) | 0.632 | 38.5 (3.46,429) | 0.003 | 0.08 (0.03,0.24) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Tutor child (ref: no) | 1.13 (1.01,1.27) | 0.030 | 0.05 (0.00,0.52) | 0.013 | 7.69 (2.49,23.8) | <0.001 |
Notes. Results from generalized linear mixed models with Poisson variance and logarithmic link functions (outcome: number of active household activities) or binomial variance and logistic link functions (outcomes: tutoring children and playing with children) adjusted for mother’s age and no. of child(ren) in the household. Income and education were modelled as continuous variables (i.e., linear terms) because this yielded a substantially better model fit than when the same variables were treated as categorical. eb = exponentiated value of regression coefficient; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence intervals; p = p-value; ref = reference category; PA = physical activity; ONR/EF = other non-residents/extended family. a These models provide information on the effects of socio-economic indicators on potential mediators (Spouse and mother undertaking three types of household activities) of the associations of mothers’ socio-economic status with their moderate to vigorous physical activity (Steps 2 and 3 of mediation analysis). Bold denotes p < 0.05.