Table 3.

Summary of selected oncogenic lncRNAs with their potential roles in glioblastoma.

Major Oncogenic LncRNAs in Glioblastoma
LncRNA	Target miRNA	Mechanism of Action	Functional Effects in Glioblastoma	References
MALAT1	miR-199a miR-203	Acts as a molecular sponge for miRNAs	Promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis; leads to resistance to TMZ-treatment	[144,152]
MEG3	miR-19a	Acts as a ceRNA for miRNAs, represses PTEN expression and controls the expression of p53-target genes	Increases cell proliferation, migration, and invasion	[162]
HOTAIR	miR-326	Binds to EZH2 and regulates FGF1-dependent pathway by acting as a sponge for miRNA	Promotes cell proliferation and glioblastoma cells growth	[171]
H19	miR-675 miR-130a-3p	Binds to EZH2 and acts as a molecular sponge for miRNAs	Promotes invasion, angiogenesis, stemness and increased glioblastoma cells growth	[179,180]
NEAT1	miR-132 let-7e	Binds to EZH2, functions as a scaffold RNA by interacting with target genes and triggers β-catenin translocation	Promotes tumor progression, regulates invasiveness of glioblastoma cells and promotes GSCs migration and invasion	[186,187]
XIST	miR-137 miR-429 miR-152	Acts as a ceRNA for miRNAs and promotes transcriptional inactivation of ZO-2 and FOXC1	Promotes angiogenesis and has a potential role in GSCs	[192,193,194]
TP73-AS1	-	Is linked to reduced ALDH1A1 expression	Promotes tumor aggressiveness and TMZ resistance in GSCs; prognostic biomarker	[138]
CRNDE	miR-186 miR-136-5p	Negatively regulates miRNAs	Promotes cell growth and GSCs proliferation; is a prognostic factor for glioblastoma patients	[195,196,197]