Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to the frequency of beverages intake and smoking status 1.
| Variables | Overall | Frequency of Beverage Intake (Times/Month), AM 2 (95% CI 3) | Smoking Status, n (%) 4 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soda | p-Value | Coffee | p-Value | Green Tea | p-Value | Never | Past-Smoker | Current-Smoker | p-Value | ||
| Total | 15,961 (100) | 16.3 (15.4, 17.1) |
30.7 (30.0, 31.6) |
5.9 (5.6, 6.2) |
10,190 (58.0) | 3441 (24.1) | 2330 (17.9) | ||||
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Male | 6160 (45.6) | 18.3 (17.2, 19.5) |
35.8 (34.6, 37.1) |
6.9 (6.4, 7.4) |
1066 (16.8) | 3111 (48.4) | 2489 (34.9) | ||||
| Female | 9801 (54.4) | 14.5 (13.7, 15.4) |
26.5 (25.6, 27.4) |
5.0 (4.7, 5.3) |
9124 (92.6) | 330 (3.7) | 347 (3.7) | ||||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 40–59 | 10,796 (74.6) | 19.2 (18.1, 20.2) |
31.8 (30.8, 32.9) |
6.5 (6.2, 6.9) |
7047 (57.3) | 2042 (22.8) | 1707 (19.9) | ||||
| 60–69 | 3649 (16.5) | 11.4 (10.3, 12.5) |
26.4 (25.1, 27.8) |
4.1 (3.7, 4.6) |
2273 (60.4) | 946 (27.7) | 430 (11.9) | ||||
| ≥70 | 1516 (8.9) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
29.5 (27.7, 31.4) |
3.5 (2.8, 4.2) |
870 (59.2) | 453 (28.0) | 193 (12.8) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.116 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| <25 | 10,146 (62.6) | 15.8 (14.9, 16.7) |
29.6 (28.6, 30.6) |
5.3 (5.0, 5.6) |
6599 (60.0) | 2060 (22.4) | 1487 (17.6) | ||||
| 25–30 | 5230 (33.5) | 17.0 (15.8, 18.3) |
32.8 (31.6, 34.1) |
6.9 (6.4, 7.5) |
3167 (53.4) | 1288 (27.8) | 775 (18.8) | ||||
| ≥30 | 585 (4.0) | 17.2 (14.1, 20.2) |
31.5 (28.0, 35.0) |
5.9 (4.7, 7.1) |
424 (64.7) | 93 (19.4) | 68 (15.9) | ||||
| Education level | <0.001 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| <High school | 6731 (37.5) | 10.3 (9.4, 11.1) |
29.4 (28.3, 30.5) |
4.2 (3.8, 4.5) |
4666 (64.9) | 1208 (19.8) | 857 (15.3) | ||||
| High school | 5226 (35.0) | 19.3 (18.0, 20.7) |
32.0 (30.6, 33.4) |
6.0 (5.5, 6.5) |
3269 (56.3) | 1128 (24.4) | 829 (19.3) | ||||
| >High school | 4004 (27.6) | 20.5 (18.9, 22.1) |
31.0 (29.5, 32.6) |
8.0 (7.4, 8.7) |
2255 (50.8) | 1105 (29.5) | 644 (19.7) | ||||
| Monthly income | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||||
| First quartile | 2815 (16.2) | 9.1 (8.0, 10.2) |
27.9 (26.4, 29.5) |
4.1 (3.4, 4.7) |
1791 (60.2) | 577 (21.5) | 447 (18.3) | ||||
| Second quartile | 3956 (25.1) | 15.6 (14.3, 17.0) |
31.3 (29.8, 32.8) |
5.0 (4.5, 5.5) |
2529 (57.7) | 818 (23.1) | 609 (19.2) | ||||
| Third quartile | 4168 (27.4) | 17.6 (16.2, 19.0) |
32.3 (30.7, 33.8) |
6.1 (5.6, 6.7) |
2624 (56.1) | 940 (25.1) | 604 (18.8) | ||||
| Fourth quartile | 5022 (31.3) | 19.3 (17.8, 20.9) |
30.4 (29.0, 31.9) |
7.3 (6.7, 7.8) |
3246 (58.7) | 1106 (25.3) | 670 (16.0) | ||||
| Drinking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Never | 2473 (13.5) | 10.2 (9.0, 11.5) |
23.7 (22.1, 25.3) |
4.6 (4.0, 5.2) |
2225 (87.9) | 130 (6.4) | 118 (5.6) | ||||
| Past-drinker | 2480 (14.8) | 15.7 (14.1, 17.3) |
26.4 (24.8, 28.0) |
4.8 (4.1, 5.5) |
1715 (65.4) | 546 (24.7) | 219 (9.9) | ||||
| Current-drinker | 11,008 (71.7) | 17.5 (16.5, 18.5) |
33.0 (31.9, 34.0) |
6.3 (6.0, 6.7) |
6250 (50.8) | 2765 (27.3) | 1993 (21.9) | ||||
1. Student t-test and Wald F-test were used to evaluate the differences in the arithmetic mean between the groups. Rao–Scott chi-square test was used to compare the baseline characteristics across the categorical variables. 2 AM, arithmetic mean; 3 CI, confidence interval; 4 Except the number of participants, all values are weighted.