Table 2.
Risk factors for alcohol misuse (AUDIT score ≥8) among young people aged 15–24 years in fishing communities in Uganda.
| Characteristic | Categories | Low Drinking (AUDIT ≤7) | Heavy Drinking (AUDIT ≥8) | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95%CI) * |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants | 1281 (80.6) | 248 (19.4) | |||||
| Gender | Male | 530 (78.5) | 145 (21.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Female | 503 (83.0) | 103 (17.0) | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | 0.09 | 0.80 (0.57–1.14) | 0.20 | |
| Age group | 15-19 | 421 (86.5) | 66 (13.6) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 20-24 | 612 (77.1) | 182 (22.9) | 1.89 (1.37–2.62) | 0.001 | 1.97 (1.46–2.67) | <0.001 | |
| Education | None/primary | 605 (77.0) | 181 (23.0) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Secondary and above | 428 (86.5) | 67 (13.5) | 0.52 (0.34–0.799) | 0.005 | 0.49 (0.33-0.74) | 0.002 | |
| Tribe | Central | 390 (81.4) | 89 (18.6) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Eastern | 356 (82.8) | 74 (17.2) | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) | |||
| Northern | 27 (90.0) | 3 (10.0) | 0.49 (0.14–1.73) | 0.48 (0.15–1.50) | |||
| South-Western | 164 (81.6) | 37 (18.4) | 0.99 (0.65–1.51) | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | |||
| Non-Ugandan | 77 (64.7) | 42 (35.3) | 2.39 (1.62–3.52) | 2.22 (1.48–3.32) | |||
| Other | 19 (86.4) | 42 (35.3) | 0.69 (0.218–2.2) | 0.006 | 0.60 (0.18–2.00) | 0.01 | |
| Religion | Christian | 767 (79.4) | 199 (20.6) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Muslim | 257 (85.4) | 44 (14.6) | 0.66 (0.43–1.03) | 0.68 (0.43–1.06) | |||
| Traditional/other | 9 (64.3) | 5 (35.71) | 2.14 (0.85–5.38) | 0.04 | 1.82 (0.64–5.17) | 0.10 | |
| Parity | 0 | 574 (83.7) | 112 (16.3) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 | 258 (74.6) | 88 (25.4) | 1.75 (1.20–2.55) | 1.65 (1.05–2.60) | |||
| ≥2 | 201 (80.7) | 48 (19.3) | 1.22 (0.82–1.83) | 0.02 | 1.22 (0.73–2.04) | 0.08 | |
| Marital status | Cohabiting | 171 (76.3) | 53 (23.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Married | 340 (82.7) | 71 (17.3) | 0.67 (0.45–1.02) | 0.57 (0.38–0.87) | |||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 65 (73.9) | 23 (26.1) | 1.14 (0.73–1.79) | 0.83 (0.47–1.47) | |||
| Single | 457 (81.9) | 101 (18.1) | 0.71 (0.48–1.07) | 0.15 | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | 0.10 | |
| Income | <200 | 642 (83.6) | 126 (16.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 200 K-299 K | 162 (76.1) | 51 (23.9) | 1.60 (1.11-2.32) | 1.05 (0.71–1.57) | |||
| 300 K-399 K | 121 (81.2) | 28 (18.8) | 1.17 (0.75-1.86) | 0.85 (0.45–1.58) | |||
| ≥400 K | 108 (71.5) | 43 (28.5) | 2.03 (1.36-3.03) | 0.002 | 1.35 (0.77–2.36) | 0.59 | |
| Occupation | Agriculture | 167 (82.7) | 35 (17.3) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Entertainment | 148 (75.1) | 49 (24.9) | 1.58 (0.95-2.63) | 1.41 (0.82–2.41) | |||
| Fishing related | 268 (70.2) | 114 (29.8) | 2.03 (1.21–3.41) | 2.05 (1.18–3.30) | |||
| Itinerary trade | 164 (87.7) | 23 (12.3) | 0.67 (0.36–1.25) | 0.67 (0.37–1.23) | |||
| Unemployed | 250 (91.2) | 24 (8.8) | 0.46 (0.27–0.77) | 0.53 (0.30–0.90) | |||
| Other | 36 (92.3) | 3 (7.7) | 0.40 (0.06–2.73) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.08–3.07) | <0.001 | |
| Duration in community | ≤6 months | 453 (82.4) | 97 (17.64) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 7–12 months | 173 (80.8) | 41 (19.2) | 1.11 (0.79–1.56) | 1.09 (0.72–1.63) | |||
| 1–4 years | 311 (79.5) | 80 (20.5) | 1.20 (0.84–1.71) | 1.00 (0.68–1.47) | |||
| ≥5 years | 96 (76.2) | 30 (23.8) | 1.46 (0.89–2.39) | 0.52 | 1.10 (0.64–1.87) | 0.94 | |
| Alcohol adverts | No | 227 (86.3) | 36 (13.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 806 (79.2) | 212 (20.8) | 1.66 (1.02–2.70) | 0.04 | 1.62 (0.95–2.79) | 0.08 | |
| School curriculum | No | 333 (78.9) | 89 (21.1) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 700 (81.5) | 159 (18.51) | 0.85 (0.61–1.18) | 0.31 | 1.02 (0.69–1.49) | 0.94 | |
| Smoking | No | 923 (86.0) | 150 (14.0) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 110 (52.9) | 98 (47.1) | 5.48 (3.90–7.70) | <0.001 | 4.45 (2.84–6.97) | <0.001 | |
| Illicit drug use | No | 975 (82.4) | 209 (17.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 27 (49.1) | 28 (50.9) | 4.73 (3.11–7.20) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.78–2.43) | 0.25 | |
| HIV | Negative | 978 (81.2) | 227 (18.8) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Positive | 47 (70.2) | 20 (29.9) | 4.83 (3.03–7.72) | <0.001 | 1.50 (0.72–3.13) | 0.27 | |
| HSV2 | Negative | 728 (84.3) | 136 (15.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Positive | 295 (72.7) | 111 (27.3) | 2.01 (1.55–2.61) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.34–2.59) | <0.001 | |
| Depressive symptoms | Minimal | 931 (82.6) | 196 (17.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Mild | 82 (65.6) | 43 (34.4) | 2.49 (1.43–4.34) | 2.35 (1.41–3.91) | |||
| Moderate–severe | 15 (68.2) | 7 (31.8) | 2.22 (1.10–4.44) | 0.01 | 2.30 (0.53–9.90) | 0.01 |
*All adjusted ORs controlled for age, gender, education, tribe and religion; adjusted ORs for parity, marital status, income, occupation, duration in community, alcohol adverts and school curriculum additionally controlled for each other; adjusted ORs for smoking, alcohol use, depressive symptoms, HIV and HSV2 additionally adjusted for each other (with the exception of HIV and HSV2, which were not controlled for each other). CI-confidence interval.