Table 3.
Risk factors for alcohol misuse (PEth 16:0/18:1 ≥20 ng/mL) among young people aged 15–24 years in fishing communities in Uganda.
| Characteristic | Categories | Not Detected (PEth 16:0/18:1 <20 ng/mL) N(%) |
Heavy Drinking (PEth 16:0/18:1 ≥20 ng/mL) N(%) |
Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95%CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants | 1015 (79.5) | 261 (20.5) | |||||
| Gender | Male | 505 (75.4) | 165 (24.6) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Female | 510 (84.2) | 96 (15.8) | 0.58 (0.44–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.42–0.81) | 0.003 | |
| Age | 15-19 | 440 (90.4) | 47 (9.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 20-24 | 575 (72.9) | 214 (27.1) | 3.48 (2.28–5.31) | <0.001 | 3.72 (2.45–5.63) | <0.001 | |
| Education | None/primary | 189 (24.1) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
| Secondary and above | 420 (85.4) | 72 (14.6) | 0.54 (0.40–0.72) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.36-0.65) | <0.001 | |
| Tribe | Central | 374 (78.7) | 101 (21.3) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Eastern | 358 (83.5) | 71 (16.6) | 0.73 (0.53–1.02) | 0.70 (0.49–1.00) | |||
| Northern | 27 (90.0) | 3 (10.0) | 0.41 (0.15–1.12) | 0.42 (0.18–0.99) | |||
| South-Western | 154 (76.6) | 47 (23.4) | 1.13 (0.68–1.89) | 0.96 (0.57–1.62) | |||
| Non-Ugandan | 82 (68.9) | 37 (31.1) | 1.67 (1.06–2.63) | 1.50 (0.93–2.41) | |||
| Other | 20 (90.9) | 2 (9.1) | 0.30 (0.09–1.49) | 0.02 | 0.30 (0.07–1.37) | 0.04 | |
| Religion | Christian | 751 (78.1) | 211 (21.9) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Muslim | 256 (85.3) | 44 (14.7) | 0.61 (0.47-0.80) | 0.63 (0.49–0.81) | |||
| Traditional/Other | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) | 2.27 (0.96-7.41) | 0.001 | 2.05 (0.68–6.17) | 0.01 | |
| Parity | 0 | 571 (83.5) | 113 (16.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 | 249 (72.2) | 96 (27.8) | 1.95 (1.32–2.87) | 1.70 (1.06–2.73) | |||
| ≥2 | 195 (79) | 52 (21.1) | 1.35 (0.84–2.16) | 0.008 | 1.22 (0.66–2.36) | 0.04 | |
| Marital status | Cohabiting | 170 (76.2) | 53 (23.8) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Married | 330 (80.9) | 78 (19.1) | 0.76 (0.53-1.09) | 0.60 (0.40-0.92) | |||
| Separated/divorced/ widowed |
60 (68.2) | 28 (31.8) | 1.50 (0.71-3.14) | 1.02 (0.41–2.54) | |||
| Single | 455 (81.7) | 102 (18.3) | 0.72 (0.53–0.97) | 0.04 | 0.93 (0.60–1.47) | 0.13 | |
| Income | <200 | 644 (84) | 123 (16) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 200–299 K | 146 (68.9) | 66 (31.1) | 2.37 (1.63–3.44) | 1.35 (0.81–2.25) | |||
| 300–399 K | 114 (77.0) | 34 (23.0) | 1.56 (1.07–2.27) | 0.59 (0.60–1.51) | |||
| ≥400 K | 111 (74.5) | 38 (25.5) | 1.79 (1.15–2.79) | 0.002 | 0.92 (0.51–1.67) | 0.25 | |
| Occupation | Agriculture | 176 (87.1) | 26 (12.9) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Entertainment | 152 (77.2) | 45 (22.8) | 2 (1.22–3.3) | 2.06 (1.19–3.54) | |||
| Fishing related | 250 (66.3) | 127 (33.7) | 3.34 (2.24–5.05) | 3.01 (1.81–5.00) | |||
| Itinerary trade | 150 (80.2) | 37 (19.8) | 1.67 (1.08–2.58) | 1.90 (1.20–3.05) | |||
| Unemployed | 252 (92.0) | 22 (8.0) | 0.59 (0.30–1.15) | 0.94 (0.43–2.09) | |||
| Other | 35 (89.7) | 4 (10.3) | 0.77 (0.22–2.71) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.29–2.94) | 0.004 | |
| Duration in community | ≤6 months | 444 (80.9) | 105 (19.1) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 7 months to 1 year | 169 (79.3) | 44 (20.7) | 1.10 (0.77-1.57) | 1.00 (0.67–1.47) | |||
| 1–4 years | 303 (78.1) | 85 (21.9) | 1.19 (0.93–1.52) | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | |||
| ≥5 years | 99 (78.6) | 27 (21.4) | 1.15 (0.68–2.00) | 0.53 | 0.70 (0.38–1.30) | 0.63 | |
| Alcohol adverts | No | 224 (85.5) | 38 (14.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 791 (78.0) | 223 (22.0) | 1.66 (0.95–2.90) | 0.07 | 1.69 (0.97–3.00) | 0.07 | |
| School curriculum | No | 318 (75.4) | 104 (24.6) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 697 (81.6) | 157 (18.4) | 0.69 (0.50–0.95) | 0.02 | 0.76 (0.52–1.10) | 0.14 | |
| Smoking | No | 902 (84.4) | 167 (15.6) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 113 (54.6) | 94 (45.4) | 4.49 (3.19–6.33) | <0.001 | 3.16 (1.76-5.68) | <0.001 | |
| Illicit drug use | No | 964 (81.6) | 218 (18.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 21 (38.2) | 34 (61.8) | 7.03 (4.25–11.64) | <0.001 | 2.72 (1.29–5.74) | 0.01 | |
| HIV | Negative | 968 (80.6) | 233 (91.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Positive | 45 (67.2) | 22 (32.8) | 2.03 (1.5-2.75) | <0.001 | 1.43 (0.93-2.19) | 0.10 | |
| HSV2 | Negative | 721(83.6) | 141 (16.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Positive | 291(71.9) | 114 (28.2) | 2.22 (1.59-2.52) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.36-2.56) | <0.001 | |
| Depressive symptoms | Minimal | 907 (80.8) | 216 (19.2) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Mild | 86 (69.4) | 38 (30.7) | 1.85 (1.08-3.2) | 1.75 (0.94-3.26) | |||
| Moderate–severe | 22(75.9) | 7 (24.1) | 1.33 (0.74-2.4) | 0.02 | 1.26 (0.45-3.50) | 0.15 |