Table 4.
Risk factors for alcohol misuse (binge drinking in previous month) among young people aged 15–24 years in fishing communities in Uganda.
| Characteristics | Categories | Binge Drinking N (%) |
Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95%CI) * |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants | 81 (6.3) | |||||
| Gender | Male | 60 (8.9) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Female | 21 (3.5) | 0.37 (0.20–0.67) | 0.002 | 0.39 (0.22–0.70 | 0.03 | |
| Age group | 15–19 | 22 (4.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 20–24 | 59 (7.4) | 1.70 (0.99–2.92) | 0.06 | 1.77 (1.02–3.08) | 0.05 | |
| Education | None/primary | 62 (7.9) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Secondary and above | 19 (3.8) | 0.47 (0.22–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.46 (0.21–0.97) | 0.04 | |
| Tribe | Central | 30 (6.3) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Eastern | 18 (4.2) | 0.65 (0.29–1.46) | 0.63 (0.29–1.38) | |||
| Northern | 2 (6.7) | 1.07 (0.26–4.49) | 1.12 (0.31–4.05) | |||
| South-Western | 15 (7.5) | 1.21 (0.50–2.91) | 1.08 (0.46–2.54) | |||
| Non-Ugandan | 14 (11.8) | 2.00 (1.08–3.38) | 1.69 (0.90–3.18) | |||
| Other | 2 (9.1) | 1.50 (0.33–0.12) | 0.31 | 1.21 (0.27–5.41) | 0.48 | |
| Religion | Christian | 68 (7.0) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Muslim | 11 (3.7) | 0.50 (0.28–0.89) | 0.55 (0.31–0.98) | |||
| Traditional/other | 2 (14.3) | 2.20 (0.50–9.73) | 0.02 | 1.42 (0.34–6.02) | 0.09 | |
| Parity | 0 | 34 (5.0) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 | 33 (9.5) | 2.02 (1.28–3.19) | 2.77 (1.59–4.83) | |||
| ≥2 | 14 (5.6) | 1.14 (0.56–2.32) | <0.001 | 2.02 (0.93–4.39) | 0.00 | |
| Marital status | Cohabiting | 15 (6.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Married | 23 (5.6) | 0.83 (0.49–1.40) | 0.59 (0.32–1.09) | |||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 7 (8.0) | 1.20 (0.31–4.63) | 0.84 (0.24–2.87) | |||
| Single | 36 (6.5) | 0.96 (0.43–2.13) | 0.43 | 1.10 (0.38–3.17) | 0.01 | |
| Income | <200 | 34 (4.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 200K–300K | 23 (10.8) | 2.61 (1.39–4.91) | 1.59 (0.76–3.30) | |||
| 300K–400K | 11 (7.4) | 1.72 (0.89–3.34) | 1.12 (0.51–2.48) | |||
| ≥400K | 13 (8.6) | 2.03 (1.05–3.93) | 0.02 | 1.11 (0.51–2.42) | 0.51 | |
| Occupation | Agriculture | 12 (5.9) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Entertainment | 7 (3.6) | 0.58 (0.19–1.82) | 0.66 (0.24–1.85) | |||
| Fishing related | 45 (11.8) | 2.11 (0.83–5.37) | 1.60 (0.54–4.73) | |||
| Itinerary trade | 5 (2.7) | 0.44 (0.13–1.45) | 0.50 (0.14–1.82) | |||
| Unemployed | 8 (2.9) | 0.48 (0.22–1.02) | 0.74 (0.35–1.54) | |||
| Other | 4 (10.3) | 1.81 (0.41–7.94) | 0.07 | 2.40 (0.49–11.71) | 0.34 | |
| Duration in community | ≤6 months | 28 (5.1) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 7 months to 1 year | 10 (4.7) | 0.91 (0.45–1.87) | 0.71 (0.34–1.47) | |||
| 1 -4 years | 28 (7.2) | 1.44 (0.88–2.35) | 0.96 (0.56–1.63)) | |||
| ≥ 4 years | 15 (11.9) | 2.52 (1.28-4.95) | 0.09 | 1.55 (0.73-3.28) | 0.29 | |
| Alcohol adverts | No | 9 (3.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 72 (7.1) | 2.15 (1.37–3.38) | 0.002 | 2.09 (1.17–3.73) | 0.02 | |
| School curriculum | No | 31 (7.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 50 (5.8) | 0.78 (0.42–1.43) | 0.40 | 0.90 (0.51–1.62) | 0.72 | |
| Smoking | No | 47 (4.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 34 (16.4) | 4.27 (2.52–7.22) | <0.001 | 2.34 (1.28–4.27) | 0.01 | |
| Illicit drug use | No | 59 (5.0) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 17 (26.6) | 6.84 (3.97–11.80) | <0.001 | 2.54 (1.00–6.41) | 0.05 | |
| HIV | Negative | 72 (6.0) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Positive | 9 (13.4) | 2.44 (1.06–5.64) | <0.001 | 2.97 (0.82–10.73) | 0.09 | |
| HSV2 | Negative | 372 (31.3) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Positive | 34 (42.0) | 1.59 (0.97–2.60) | 0.06 | 1.77 (1.03–3.04) | 0.04 | |
| Depressive symptoms | Minimal | 64 (5.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Mild | 14 (11.2) | 2.09 (1.13–3.89) | 2.25 (1.14–4.45) | |||
| Moderate–severe | 3 (10.3) | 1.92 (0.60–6.09) | 0.06 | 2.64 (0.28–25.40) | 0.05 |
*All adjusted ORs controlled for age, gender, education, tribe and religion; adjusted ORs for parity, marital status, income, occupation, duration in community, alcohol adverts and school curriculum additionally controlled for each other; adjusted ORs for smoking, illicit drug use, depressive symptoms, HIV and HSV2 additionally adjusted for each other (with the exception of HIV and HSV2, which were not controlled for each other).