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. 2020 Apr 1;17(7):2401. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072401

Table 5.

Risk factors for illicit drug use among young people aged 15–24 years in fishing communities in Uganda.

Characteristics Categories Positive Urine Drug Test Crude Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
p-Value Adjusted Odds Ratio (95%CI)* p-Value
All participants 55 (4.4)
Gender Male 50 (7.7) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Female 14 (2.4) 0.36 (0.16–0.81) 0.02 0.31 (0.13–0.74) 0.01
Age group 15-19 13 (2.7) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
20-24 42 (5.5) 2.11 (1.34–3.34)) 0.003 2.32 (1.42–3.78) <0.001
Education None/primary 52 (6.9)
Secondary and above 12 (2.5) 0.35 (0.19–0.64) 0.002 0.39 (0.21–0.7) <0.001
Tribe Central 19 (4.1) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Eastern 18 (4.4) 1.06(0.50–2.27) 1.00 (0.43–2.11)
Northern 1 (3.3) 0.81(0.09–7.61) 0.84 (0.09–7.71)
South-Western 12 (6.1) 1.53 (0.67–3.51) 1.35 (0.58–3.15)
Non-Ugandan 12 (10.5) 2.76 (1.42–5.37) 2.42 (1.18–5.00)
Other 2 (9.5) 2.46 (0.29–20.97) 0.14 2.06 (0.18–24.16) 0.28
Religion Christian 48 (5.1) 1 (Reference)
Muslim 15 (5.2) 1.03 (0.62–1.71) 1.14 (0.68–1.92)
Traditional/other 1 (7.7) 1.55 (0.17–14.5) 0.91 0.87 (0.07–10.62) 0.87
Parity 0 31 (4.6) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
1 23 (7.0) 1.54 (0.90–2.65) 2.07 (0.92–4.64)
≥2 10 (4.18) 0.90 (0.44–1.83) 0.13 1.58 (0.63–3.94) 0.21
Marital status Cohabiting 5 (2.4) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Married 17 (4.3) 1.85 (0.83–4.11) 1.55 (0.71–3.38)
Separated/divorced/widowed 7 (8.4) 3.83 (1.15–12.80) 2.94 (0.80–10.81)
Single 35 (6.4) 2.86 (1.25–6.65) 0.11 3.69 (1.83-7.47) 0.01
Income <200 20 (2.7) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
200k-300k 19 (9.4) 3.7 (1.2–11.97) 2.37 (0.68–8.28)
300k-400k 8 (5.6) 2.2 (0.86–5.39) 1.11 (0.35-3.50)
≥400K 8 (5.8) 2.2 (1.12–4.528) 0.007 1.91 (0.75-4.91) 0.46
Occupation Agriculture 9 (4.5) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Entertainment 6 (3.1) 0.68 (0.27–1.74) 0.91 (0.38–2.16)
Fishing related 39 (10.7) 2.53 (1.10–5.80) 1.51 (0.56–4.08)
Itinerary trade 5 (2.8) 0.60 (0.22–1.66) 0.72(0.25–2.12)
Unemployed 5 (1.9) 0.41 (0.14–1.21) 0.04 0.81(0.26–2.59) 0.69
Other 0
Duration in community ≤6 months 18 (3.4) 1 (Reference)
7 months to 1 year 17 (8.3) 2.59 (1.20–5.30) 2.12 (1.11–4.06)
1-4 years 20 (5.3) 1.61 (0.60–3.00) 1.12 (0.52–2.41)
≥ 5 years 9 (7.2) 2.22 (0.43–5.44) 0.08 1.35 (0.37–4.90) 0.10
Alcohol adverts No 9 (3.6) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Yes 55 (5.6) 1.60 (0.87–2.95) 0.12 1.51 (.73–3.12) 0.25
School curriculum No 19 (4.7) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Yes 45 (5.4) 1.15 (0.67–1.98) 0.59 1.64 (0.91–2.95) 0.09
Smoking No 18 (1.7) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Yes 46 (23.1) 17.10 (8.32–35.02) <0.001 13.05 (5.84–29.18) <0.001
HIV Negative 52 (4.4) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Positive 3 (4.8) 1.10 (0.27–4.26) 0.91 1.22 (0.19–8.01) 0.83
HSV2 Negative 40 (62.5) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
positive 24 (37.5) 1.40 (0.84–2.24) 0.18 1.37 (0.81–2.30) 0.22
Depressive symptoms Minimal 48 (4.3) 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)
Mild 13 (11.2) 2.79 (0.93–8.34) 2.22 (0.83–5.91)
Moderate–severe 3 (17.7) 4.72 (1.42–15.68) 0.04 8.23 (1.82–37.16) 0.03

*All adjusted ORs controlled for age, gender, education, tribe and religion; adjusted ORs for parity, marital status, income, occupation, duration in community, alcohol adverts and school curriculum additionally controlled for each other; adjusted ORs for smoking, alcohol misuse, depressive symptoms, HIV and HSV2 additionally adjusted for each other (with the exception of HIV and HSV2, which were not controlled for each other).