Table 5.
Risk factors for illicit drug use among young people aged 15–24 years in fishing communities in Uganda.
| Characteristics | Categories | Positive Urine Drug Test | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95%CI)* | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants | 55 (4.4) | |||||
| Gender | Male | 50 (7.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Female | 14 (2.4) | 0.36 (0.16–0.81) | 0.02 | 0.31 (0.13–0.74) | 0.01 | |
| Age group | 15-19 | 13 (2.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 20-24 | 42 (5.5) | 2.11 (1.34–3.34)) | 0.003 | 2.32 (1.42–3.78) | <0.001 | |
| Education | None/primary | 52 (6.9) | ||||
| Secondary and above | 12 (2.5) | 0.35 (0.19–0.64) | 0.002 | 0.39 (0.21–0.7) | <0.001 | |
| Tribe | Central | 19 (4.1) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Eastern | 18 (4.4) | 1.06(0.50–2.27) | 1.00 (0.43–2.11) | |||
| Northern | 1 (3.3) | 0.81(0.09–7.61) | 0.84 (0.09–7.71) | |||
| South-Western | 12 (6.1) | 1.53 (0.67–3.51) | 1.35 (0.58–3.15) | |||
| Non-Ugandan | 12 (10.5) | 2.76 (1.42–5.37) | 2.42 (1.18–5.00) | |||
| Other | 2 (9.5) | 2.46 (0.29–20.97) | 0.14 | 2.06 (0.18–24.16) | 0.28 | |
| Religion | Christian | 48 (5.1) | 1 (Reference) | |||
| Muslim | 15 (5.2) | 1.03 (0.62–1.71) | 1.14 (0.68–1.92) | |||
| Traditional/other | 1 (7.7) | 1.55 (0.17–14.5) | 0.91 | 0.87 (0.07–10.62) | 0.87 | |
| Parity | 0 | 31 (4.6) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 1 | 23 (7.0) | 1.54 (0.90–2.65) | 2.07 (0.92–4.64) | |||
| ≥2 | 10 (4.18) | 0.90 (0.44–1.83) | 0.13 | 1.58 (0.63–3.94) | 0.21 | |
| Marital status | Cohabiting | 5 (2.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Married | 17 (4.3) | 1.85 (0.83–4.11) | 1.55 (0.71–3.38) | |||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 7 (8.4) | 3.83 (1.15–12.80) | 2.94 (0.80–10.81) | |||
| Single | 35 (6.4) | 2.86 (1.25–6.65) | 0.11 | 3.69 (1.83-7.47) | 0.01 | |
| Income | <200 | 20 (2.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 200k-300k | 19 (9.4) | 3.7 (1.2–11.97) | 2.37 (0.68–8.28) | |||
| 300k-400k | 8 (5.6) | 2.2 (0.86–5.39) | 1.11 (0.35-3.50) | |||
| ≥400K | 8 (5.8) | 2.2 (1.12–4.528) | 0.007 | 1.91 (0.75-4.91) | 0.46 | |
| Occupation | Agriculture | 9 (4.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Entertainment | 6 (3.1) | 0.68 (0.27–1.74) | 0.91 (0.38–2.16) | |||
| Fishing related | 39 (10.7) | 2.53 (1.10–5.80) | 1.51 (0.56–4.08) | |||
| Itinerary trade | 5 (2.8) | 0.60 (0.22–1.66) | 0.72(0.25–2.12) | |||
| Unemployed | 5 (1.9) | 0.41 (0.14–1.21) | 0.04 | 0.81(0.26–2.59) | 0.69 | |
| Other | 0 | |||||
| Duration in community | ≤6 months | 18 (3.4) | 1 (Reference) | |||
| 7 months to 1 year | 17 (8.3) | 2.59 (1.20–5.30) | 2.12 (1.11–4.06) | |||
| 1-4 years | 20 (5.3) | 1.61 (0.60–3.00) | 1.12 (0.52–2.41) | |||
| ≥ 5 years | 9 (7.2) | 2.22 (0.43–5.44) | 0.08 | 1.35 (0.37–4.90) | 0.10 | |
| Alcohol adverts | No | 9 (3.6) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 55 (5.6) | 1.60 (0.87–2.95) | 0.12 | 1.51 (.73–3.12) | 0.25 | |
| School curriculum | No | 19 (4.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 45 (5.4) | 1.15 (0.67–1.98) | 0.59 | 1.64 (0.91–2.95) | 0.09 | |
| Smoking | No | 18 (1.7) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 46 (23.1) | 17.10 (8.32–35.02) | <0.001 | 13.05 (5.84–29.18) | <0.001 | |
| HIV | Negative | 52 (4.4) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Positive | 3 (4.8) | 1.10 (0.27–4.26) | 0.91 | 1.22 (0.19–8.01) | 0.83 | |
| HSV2 | Negative | 40 (62.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| positive | 24 (37.5) | 1.40 (0.84–2.24) | 0.18 | 1.37 (0.81–2.30) | 0.22 | |
| Depressive symptoms | Minimal | 48 (4.3) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Mild | 13 (11.2) | 2.79 (0.93–8.34) | 2.22 (0.83–5.91) | |||
| Moderate–severe | 3 (17.7) | 4.72 (1.42–15.68) | 0.04 | 8.23 (1.82–37.16) | 0.03 |
*All adjusted ORs controlled for age, gender, education, tribe and religion; adjusted ORs for parity, marital status, income, occupation, duration in community, alcohol adverts and school curriculum additionally controlled for each other; adjusted ORs for smoking, alcohol misuse, depressive symptoms, HIV and HSV2 additionally adjusted for each other (with the exception of HIV and HSV2, which were not controlled for each other).