Table 2.
Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidants related to antidepressant drugs (AD): preclinical and clinical studies.
| Study model | Antidepressant drugs/dose | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical | SSRIs, TCAs, other antidepressants | ↓ 8-OHdG levels in antidepressant users | Black et al. [170] |
| Sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, and escitalopram | ↑ 8-OHdG levels in nonrespondent patients | Lindqvist et al. [80] | |
| Sertraline (25–100 mg) | ↓ O2·- and ·OH production; ↑ TRAP | Chang et al. [171] | |
| Escitalopram (20 mg) | ↓ SOD, CAT, MDA, and NO levels | Cimen et al. [172] | |
| Venlafaxine, paroxetine, escitalopram, sertraline, citalopram, milnacipran, fluoxetine, tianeptine, and moclobemide | ↓ SOD activity in red blood cells (24 weeks of treatment) (no difference exhibited after 6 and 12 weeks) | Kotan et al. [173] | |
| Fluoxetine (20 mg) | ↓ MDA levels; ↓ SOD1, CAT, and GSHP-x activities; ↑ TAS | Galecki et al. [102] | |
| Fluoxetine (20 mg) | ↑ ADA and SOD activities; ↓ NO and XO levels (no break down by medication group, reviewed meditations overall) | Herken et al. [174] | |
| Fluvoxamine (150 mg) | |||
| Sertraline (50 mg) | |||
| Citalopram (20 mg) | |||
| Fluoxetine and citalopram (20 mg) | ↓ MDA levels; ↓ SOD activity; ↑ ascorbic acid levels | Khanzode et al. [175] | |
| Citalopram and fluoxetine (20 mg) | ↓ MDA levels; ↓ GR, GPx, and SOD activities | Bilici et al. [176] | |
| Sertraline (50 mg) | |||
| Fluvoxamine (100 mg) | |||
|
| |||
| Preclinical animal model | Escitalopram (5 mg/kg) | ↓ ON in serum | Gammoh et al. [177] |
| Ketamine (5 mg/kg) | Ketamine induced antioxidant or proantioxidant effects dependent on antidepressant classes or brain area | Réus et al. [178] | |
| Fluoxetine (1.25 mg/kg) | |||
| Lamotrigine (5 mg/kg) | |||
| Quetiapine (5 mg/kg) | |||
| Escitalopram (5 mg/kg) | ↑ GSH in the brain | Matchkov et al. [179] | |
| Venlafaxine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) | ↓ MDA and NO plus ↑ GSH and TAC levels and GST activity in the hippocampus; ↓ 8-OHdG levels in serum and the hippocampus | Abdel-Wahab and Salama [180] | |
| Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) | Restored SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in peripheral blood leucocytes | Novío et al. [181] | |
| Imipramine (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) | ↑ SOD and CAT activities; ↓ MDA and carbonyl levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus | Réus et al. [182] | |
| Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) | Restored SOD, CAT, GST, and GR activities; ↑ GSH; ↓ MDA and carbonyl levels in the brain | Zafir et al. [183] | |
| Imipramine (10 mg/kg) | |||
| Venlafaxine (10 mg/kg) | |||
| Sertraline (5 or 10 mg/kg) | ↑ Glutathione levels in the brain | P. Kumar and A. Kumar [184] | |
|
| |||
| Preclinical cell culture | Clomipramine (15 μM) | ↓ NO production through attenuation of iNOS expression | Hwang et al. [185] |
| Imipramine (10 μM) | |||
| Desipramine (10−5, 10−6, or 10−7 M) | ↓ mRNA levels of SOD and CAT after treatment (2.5 h) ↑ mRNA levels of SOD, GST, and GR after treatment (24 h) |
Schmidt et al. [186] | |
| Imipramine (10−5, 10−6, or 10−7 M) | |||
| Maprotiline (10−5, 10−6, or 10−7 M) | |||
| Mirtazapine (10−5, 10−6, or 10−7 M) | |||
| Fluvoxamine (10 μM) | Inhibition of NO production | Hashioka et al. [187] | |
| Imipramine (50 μM) | |||
| Reboxetine (10 μM) | |||
| Amitriptyline (50 or 100 μmol/L) | Both agents attenuated cell death induced by H2O2; fluoxetine pretreatment ↑ SOD activity | Kolla et al. [188] | |
| Fluoxetine (50 μmol/L) | |||
8-OHdG: 8-hydroxydeguanosine; ADA: adenosine deaminase; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: glutathione; GST: glutathione S-transferase; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; iNOS: nitric oxide synthase; MDA: malondialdehyde; NO: nitric oxide; PON: paraoxonase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SOD1: copper-zinc superoxide dismutase; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TAS: total antioxidant status; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive species; TCA: tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressant; XO: xanthine oxidase; TRAP: radical-trapping antioxidant parameter.