Table 4.
Prevalence of Incorrect Posture Stratified by Age (N = 595,057)
| Variables | Age (year) | χ2 | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <10 | 10–15 | >15 | |||
| Total | 5,355 (0.9) | 5,18,890 (87.2) | 70,812 (11.9) | ||
| High and low shoulder | 2,906.49 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 3,722 (69.5) | 2,37,652 (45.8) | 27,900 (39.4) | ||
| Left shoulder height | 562 (10.5) | 1,53,591 (29.6) | 25,634 (36.2) | ||
| Right shoulder height | 1,071 (20.0) | 1,27,647 (24.6) | 17,278 (24.4) | ||
| Scapula tilt | 732.69 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 3,925 (73.3) | 3,00,437 (57.9) | 39,513 (55.8) | ||
| Tilt to the left | 702 (13.1) | 1,30,241 (25.1) | 19,261 (27.2) | ||
| Tilt to the right | 728 (13.6) | 88,212 (17.0) | 12,038 (17.0) | ||
| Pelvic tilt | 371.31 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 5291 (98.8) | 4,78,417 (92.2) | 64,864 (91.6) | ||
| Tilt to the left | 27 (0.5) | 19,718 (3.8) | 2,762 (3.9) | ||
| Tilt to the right | 37 (0.7) | 20,755 (4.0) | 3,186 (4.5) | ||
| Flat back | 343.53 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 5,339 (99.7) | 5,15,777 (99.4) | 69,962 (98.8) | ||
| Abnormal | 16 (0.3) | 3,133 (0.6) | 850 (1.2) | ||
| Thoracic kyphosis | 133.89 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 5312 (99.2) | 5,04,361 (97.2) | 69,183 (97.7) | ||
| Abnormal | 43 (0.8) | 14,529 (2.8) | 1,629 (2.3) | ||
| Lumbar concave | 1,588.28 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 4,840 (90.4) | 4,02,140 (77.5) | 51,197 (72.3) | ||
| Left concave | 220 (4.1) | 46,700 (9.0) | 8,497 (12.0) | ||
| Right concave | 295 (5.5) | 70,050 (13.5) | 11,118 (15.7) | ||
| Lumbar lordosis | 14.19 | 0.132 | |||
| Normal | 5,323 (99.4) | 5,16,296 (99.5) | 70,529 (99.6) | ||
| Abnormal | 32 (0.6) | 2,594 (0.5) | 283 (0.4) | ||
| Lumbar kyphosis | 3.04 | 0.218 | |||
| Normal | 5,350 (99.9) | 5,17,852 (99.8) | 70,670 (99.8) | ||
| Abnormal | 5 (0.1) | 1,038 (0.2) | 142 (0.2) | ||
| Angle of thoracic rotation | 825.29 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal (ATR: 0–5°) | 5,350 (99.9) | 5,12,144 (98.7) | 68,971 (97.4) | ||
| Rotate to the left (ATR>5°) | 0 (0.0) | 2,076 (0.4) | 496 (0.7) | ||
| Rotate to the right (ATR>5°) | 5 (0.1) | 4,670 (0.9) | 1,345 (1.9) | ||
| Angle of lumbar rotation | 1,461.42 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal (ATR: 0–5°) | 5,339 (99.7) | 5,09,550 (98.2) | 68,050 (96.1) | ||
| Rotate to the left (ATR>5°) | 11 (0.2) | 7,264 (1.4) | 2,124 (3.0) | ||
| Rotate to the right (ATR>5°) | 5 (0.1) | 2,076 (0.4) | 638 (0.9) | ||
| Angle of thoracolumbar rotation | 240.36 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal (ATR: 0–5°) | 5,350 (99.9) | 5,16,814 (99.6) | 70,246 (99.2) | ||
| Rotate to the left (ATR>5°) | 0 (0.0) | 1,036 (0.2) | 282 (0.4) | ||
| Rotate to the right (ATR>5°) | 5 (0.1) | 1,040 (0.2) | 284 (0.4) | ||
| Incorrect posturea | 2,469.68 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 3,143 (58.7) | 1,82,649 (35.2) | 20,465 (28.9) | ||
| Abnormal | 2,212 (41.3) | 3,36,241 (64.8) | 50,347 (71.1) | ||
| Referral for radiographyb | 2,185.58 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 5,328 (99.5) | 5,01,767 (96.7) | 66,068 (93.3) | ||
| Yes | 27 (0.5) | 17,123 (3.3) | 4,744 (6.7) | ||
Abbreviations: ATR, angle of trunk rotation.
The alpha level for paired comparison was set at p = 0.0167 after Bonferroni correction.
a
Incorrect posture was defined as participant who was screened out one or more to the following abnormal physical signs: high and low shoulder, scapula tilt, pelvic tilt, flat back, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar concave, lumbar lordosis, lumbar kyphosis, angle of thoracic rotation>5°, angle of lumbar rotation>5°, angle of thoracolumbar rotation>5°.
b
Referral for radiography: an angle of trunk (thoracic, lumbar or thoracolumbar) rotation of 5° was the recommended threshold for referral to radiography.