Table 4.
Relationship between patient’s characteristics and incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in rural Shandong, China, 2016
| Variable | One complication | Two or more complications | No complication | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | χ2 | P | N (%) | χ2 | P | N (%) | χ2 | P | |
| Age (years) | 8.66 | 0.034 | 4.85 | 0.089 | 25.91 | 0.000 | |||
| ≤ 45 | 10 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 50 (2.5) | ||||||
| 46–60 | 218 (21.5) | 10 (11.0) | 559 (27.8) | ||||||
| 61–70 | 478 (47.2) | 48 (52.7) | 812 (40.4) | ||||||
| > 70 | 303 (30.3) | 33 (36.3) | 588 (29.3) | ||||||
| Sex | 1.10 | 0.294 | 7.97 | 0.005 | 1.87 | 0.172 | |||
| Male | 337 (33.3) | 35 (38.5) | 770 (38.3) | ||||||
| Female | 676 (66.7) | 56 (61.5) | 1239 (61.7) | ||||||
| Marital status | 15.11 | 0.001 | 0.00 | 0.991 | 57.73 | 0.000 | |||
| Single | 12 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 52 (2.6) | ||||||
| Married | 828 (81.7) | 72 (79.1) | 1671 (83.2) | ||||||
| Bereft of spouse a | 173 (17.1) | 19 (20.9) | 286 (14.2) | ||||||
| Education | 1.41 | 0.703 | 9.17 | 0.027 | 21.13 | 0.000 | |||
| None | 528 (52.1) | 47 (51.6) | 816 (40.6) | ||||||
| Primary school | 314 (31.0) | 25 (27.5) | 718 (35.7) | ||||||
| Junior school | 134 (13.2) | 13 (14.3) | 370 (18.4) | ||||||
| Senior school or above | 37 (3.7) | 6 (6.6) | 105 (5.2) | ||||||
| Household income | 23.05 | 0.000 | 2.93 | 0.403 | 32.33 | 0.000 | |||
| Q1b | 279 (27.5) | 35 (38.5) | 469 (23.3) | ||||||
| Q2 | 270 (26.7) | 23 (25.3) | 481 (23.9) | ||||||
| Q3 | 260 (25.7) | 18 (19.8) | 523 (26.0) | ||||||
| Q4 | 204 (20.1) | 15 (16.5) | 536 (26.7) | ||||||
| Health insurancec | 3.38 | 0.337 | 2.25 | 0.522 | 3.72 | 0.294 | |||
| URBMI | 970 (95.8) | 86 (94.5) | 1927 (95.9) | ||||||
| UEBMI | 13 (1.3) | 1 (1.1) | 26 (1.3) | ||||||
| CMI | 3 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 7 (0.3) | ||||||
| Others d | 27 (2.7) | 3 (3.1) | 49 (2.4) | ||||||
| Duration of disease | 1.67 | 0.645 | 0.89 | 0.828 | 1.74 | 0.629 | |||
| ≤ 5 | 255 (25.2) | 14 (15.4) | 762 (37.9) | ||||||
| 6–10 | 319 (31.5) | 32 (35.2) | 699 (34.8) | ||||||
| 11–15 | 171 (16.9) | 16 (17.6) | 210 (10.5) | ||||||
| > 15 | 268 (26.5) | 29 (31.9) | 338 (16.8) | ||||||
| In-Patient | 192.49 | 0.000 | 33.58 | 0.000 | 219.11 | 0.000 | |||
| No | 287 (28.3) | 44 (48.4) | 1929 (95.6) | ||||||
| Yes | 726 (71.7) | 47 (51.6) | 80 (4.0) | ||||||
| Out-Patient | 10.06 | 0.002 | 8.03 | 0.005 | 55.49 | 0.000 | |||
| No | 200 (19.7) | 62 (68.1) | 1829 (91.0) | ||||||
| Yes | 813 (80.3) | 29 (31.9) | 181 (9.0) | ||||||
| Dibaoe | 18.33 | 0.000 | 0.01 | 0.932 | 0.04 | 0.839 | |||
| No | 68 (6.7) | 78 (85.7) | 1920 (95.6) | ||||||
| Yes | 945 (93.3) | 13 (14.3) | 89 (4.4) | ||||||
| Be in debt | 0.24 | 0.627 | 3.49 | 0.062 | 7.60 | 0.006 | |||
| No | 145 (14.3) | 68 (74.7) | 1771 (88.2) | ||||||
| Yes | 868 (85.7) | 23 (25.3) | 238 (11.8) | ||||||
| Head of household | 5.93 | 0.015 | 0.53 | 0.466 | 8.36 | 0.004 | |||
| No | 523 (51.6) | 45 (49.5) | 889 (44.3) | ||||||
| Yes | 490 (48.4) | 46 (50.5) | 1120 (55.7) | ||||||
| Head of household’s gender | 1.23 | 0.268 | 2.44 | 0.118 | 30.93 | 0.000 | |||
| Male | 766 (75.6) | 72 (79.1) | 432 (21.5) | ||||||
| Female | 247 (24.4) | 19 (20.9) | 1577 (78.5) | ||||||
| Family size | 15.23 | 0.000 | 3.31 | 0.069 | 0.16 | 0.694 | |||
| ≤ 4 | 931 (91.9) | 84 (92.3) | 1843 (91.7) | ||||||
| > 4 | 82 (8.1) | 7 (7.7) | 166 (8.3) | ||||||
| Living arrangements | 10.93 | 0.000 | 1.74 | 0.42 | 79.09 | 0.000 | |||
| Empty-nest single | 156 (15.4) | 15 (16.5) | 269 (13.4) | ||||||
| Empty-nest couple | 670 (66.1) | 63 (69.2) | 1298 (64.6) | ||||||
| Others | 187 (18.5) | 13 (14.3) | 442 (22.0) | ||||||
The P-values indicate statistical significance at 5% level
a 8 divorced participants are categorized into the group “Bereft of spouse”
b Quartile 1(Q1) is the poorest and Quartile 4(Q4) is the richest
cURBMI Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance, UEBMI Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance, CMI Commercial Medical Insurance
d 40 uninsured patients are categorized into the group “others”;
e “Dibao” means low-income households in China, which living and medical aids from municipal governments and other welfare programs