Table 4.
Hierarchical linear regression analysis of independent factors correlated to depression symptoms
| Variables | Model 1(β) | Model 2(β) | Model 3(β) | Model 4(β) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | |||||
| Gender:Male (ref:female) | −0.446 | − 0.452 | − 0.43 | − 0.469 | − 0.006 |
| Age | 0.108 | 0.12 | 0.123 | 0.119 | 0.129 |
| Grade | 0.973** | 1.02** | 1.019** | 1.018** | 0.98** |
| Race/Ethnicity:Han nationality (ref: Minority ethic group) | 0.176 | 0.15 | 0.125 | 0.146 | 0.068 |
| Place of Residence:Urban (ref:rural) | 0.411 | 0.46 | 0.429 | 0.425 | 0.262 |
| Housing: In student residence facility (ref:alone) | −1.18 | −1.2 | − 1.182 | − 1.159 | − 1.263 |
| Housing:with friends (ref:alone) | −2.237* | −2.179 | − 2.124 | −2.087 | − 2.164 |
| Housing:with family (ref:alone) | −1.487 | − 1.498 | − 1.464 | −1.448 | − 1.572 |
| Only child in the family: Yes (ref:no) | 0.064 | 0.072 | 0.019 | 0.028 | 0.025 |
| Family characteristics: Multi-generational family (ref:core family) | −0.665 | − 0.644 | − 0.653 | − 0.643 | − 0.682 |
| Family characteristics: Single parent family (ref:core family) | −1.035 | −1.041 | − 1.054 | − 1.075 | − 0.923 |
| Family characteristics: Remarried family (ref:core family) | −0.217 | − 0.22 | − 0.212 | − 0.206 | − 0.164 |
| Household income per month: RMB 5000–10,000(ref:<RMB 5000) | − 1.266* | −1.274* | − 1.284* | −1.299* | − 1.232* |
| Household income per month:>RMB 10000(ref:<RMB 5000) | −0.846 | − 0.937 | − 0.906 | − 0.9 | − 1.036 |
| Paternal education: Primary school (ref:illiteracy) | −0.204 | − 0.242 | − 0.281 | −0.299 | − 0.132 |
| Paternal education: Secondary school (ref:illiteracy) | −0.653 | − 0.664 | −0.698 | − 0.709 | −0.382 |
| Paternal education: College and above (ref:illiteracy) | −0.396 | −0.342 | − 0.367 | −0.31 | − 0.135 |
| Maternal education: Primary school (ref:illiteracy) | 1.509* | 1.492* | 1.494* | 1.485* | 1.526* |
| Maternal education: Secondary school (ref:illiteracy) | 1.097 | 1.127 | 1.136 | 1.123 | 1.23 |
| Maternal education: College and above (ref:illiteracy) | 2.076 | 2.131 | 2.158 | 2.151 | 1.841 |
| Paternal occupation: Mental workers (ref: Manual workers) | −0.455 | −0.49 | − 0.494 | −0.466 | − 0.588 |
| Maternal occupation: Mental workers (ref: Manual workers) | 0.672 | 0.642 | 0.638 | 0.654 | 0.577 |
| Paternal health condition | 0.218 | 0.216 | 0.224 | 0.248 | 0.17 |
| Maternal health condition | −0.348 | − 0.378 | −0.395 | − 0.389 | −0.471 |
| Parents’ way of raising you: Authoritarian (ref:democracy) | 2.394** | 2.243** | 2.212** | 2.213** | 2.155** |
| Parents’ way of raising you: Laissez-faire (ref:democracy) | 0.18 | 0.067 | 0.037 | 0.064 | 0.012 |
| Parents care about you | 1.498** | 1.348** | 1.331** | 1.34** | 1.355** |
| Financial burden during the study | −0.368 | −0.341 | −0.333 | −0.322 | − 0.378 |
| Expectations of parents (or family members) | 0.091 | 0.074 | 0.074 | 0.065 | 0.099 |
| Physical exercise | 0.187 | 0.216 | 0.238 | 0.227 | 0.379 |
| Appetite status | 1.032* | 1.006* | 1.003* | 0.991* | 0.99* |
| Sleep quality | 0.383 | 0.365 | 0.336 | 0.319 | 0.309 |
| Study-induced stress | −1.173** | −1.146** | −1.144** | −1.161** | −0.887* |
| Employment pressure | −0.093 | − 0.063 | − 0.055 | − 0.045 | 0.167 |
| Self-conceived character: Neutral (ref:introvert) | −1.678** | − 1.613** | − 1.603** | −1.576** | − 1.439** |
| Self-conceived character: Extrovert (ref:introvert) | −1.968** | − 1.9** | −1.859** | − 1.795** | −1.725** |
| Having chronic disease: Yes (ref:no) | 1.153 | 1.158 | 1.181 | 1.18 | 1.074 |
| Satisfaction of specialty | 0.32 | 0.263 | 0.241 | 0.243 | 0.187 |
| Relationship with lovers | 0.299 | 0.297 | 0.334 | 0.305 | 0.382* |
| Relationship with classmates or friends | 0.754 | 0.656 | 0.614 | 0.566 | 0.564 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Family function | −0.201 | −0.186 | −0.179 | −0.049 | |
| Model 3 | |||||
| Social support | −0.034 | − 0.026 | − 0.028 | ||
| Model 4 | |||||
| Positive coping | −0.033 | ||||
| Negative coping | 0.226** | ||||
| F | 4.123** | 4.116** | 4.042** | 3.973** | 5.064** |
| R2 | 0.076 | 0.077 | 0.078 | 0.078 | 0.098 |
| ΔR2 | 0.076 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 |
*p<0.05
**p<0.01